---
title: Calculating average order value
description: Define AOV as a single measure when its numerator and denominator live in the same cube, or in two fact tables at different grains.
---

## Use case

Average order value (AOV) — sometimes called basket size — is revenue divided by
the number of orders. It looks like a one-line calculation, but where the two
parts live decides how it is modeled:

- **[Same cube](#same-cube)** — both parts are measures of one fact table.
- **[Two fact tables](#across-two-fact-tables)** — revenue is aggregated at one
  grain (say, day/item/location) and orders are counted at another (transaction
  lines). This is the common shape in retail models.

In both cases AOV is a ratio of two aggregates, so it must be computed _after_
its parts are aggregated — never as a row-level `amount / orders` expression.

## Same cube

When both parts are measures of the same cube, define AOV as a calculated
measure that divides them:

<CodeGroup>

```yaml title="YAML"
cubes:
  - name: orders
    sql_table: orders

    dimensions:
      - name: id
        sql: id
        type: number
        primary_key: true

    measures:
      - name: revenue
        sql: amount
        type: sum
        format: currency

      - name: count
        type: count

      - name: average_order_value
        sql: "{revenue} / NULLIF({count}, 0)"
        type: number
        format: currency
```

```javascript title="JavaScript"
cube(`orders`, {
  sql_table: `orders`,

  dimensions: {
    id: { sql: `id`, type: `number`, primary_key: true }
  },

  measures: {
    revenue: { sql: `amount`, type: `sum`, format: `currency` },
    count: { type: `count` },

    average_order_value: {
      sql: `${revenue} / NULLIF(${count}, 0)`,
      type: `number`,
      format: `currency`
    }
  }
})
```

</CodeGroup>

`NULLIF` guards the division so a group with no orders returns `NULL` rather
than failing.

## Across two fact tables

Retail models usually split the two parts. Sales dollars come from a
pre-aggregated daily table (`item_location_sales`, one row per day, item and
location), while the transaction count comes from the line-item table
(`sales_line_item`, one row per transaction line). The two never join to each
other — they meet through shared `items`, `locations` and `dates` cubes, which
makes this a [multi-fact query][ref-multi-fact-views].

<Warning>

Multi-fact views and multi-stage measures are powered by Tesseract, the
[next-generation data modeling engine][link-tesseract]. In versions before
v1.7.0, it was not enabled by default.

</Warning>

### 1. Define each part on the cube that owns it

The denominator counts distinct transactions and excludes exchanges and
non-store channels. Write that logic once, as measure
[`filters`][ref-measure-filters] on the line-item cube, so every consumer picks
it up by including the measure — never restate it per view:

<CodeGroup>

```yaml title="YAML"
cubes:
  - name: sales_line_item
    sql_table: sales_line_item

    joins:
      - name: items
        sql: "{CUBE}.item_id = {items.id}"
        relationship: many_to_one
      - name: locations
        sql: "{CUBE}.location_id = {locations.id}"
        relationship: many_to_one
      - name: dates
        sql: "DATE_TRUNC('day', {CUBE}.sold_at) = {dates.date}"
        relationship: many_to_one

    dimensions:
      - name: id
        sql: id
        type: number
        primary_key: true

    measures:
      - name: transactions_without_returns
        sql: transaction_id
        type: count_distinct
        filters:
          - sql: "{CUBE}.transaction_type <> 'EXCHANGE'"
          - sql: "{CUBE}.fulfillment_channel_group IN ('IN_STORE', 'SHIP_FROM_STORE')"

  - name: item_location_sales
    sql_table: item_location_sales

    joins:
      - name: items
        sql: "{CUBE}.item_id = {items.id}"
        relationship: many_to_one
      - name: locations
        sql: "{CUBE}.location_id = {locations.id}"
        relationship: many_to_one
      - name: dates
        sql: "DATE_TRUNC('day', {CUBE}.date) = {dates.date}"
        relationship: many_to_one

    dimensions:
      - name: id
        sql: id
        type: number
        primary_key: true

    measures:
      - name: sales_amount
        sql: sales_amount
        type: sum
        format: currency
```

```javascript title="JavaScript"
cube(`sales_line_item`, {
  sql_table: `sales_line_item`,

  joins: {
    items: {
      sql: `${CUBE}.item_id = ${items.id}`,
      relationship: `many_to_one`
    },
    locations: {
      sql: `${CUBE}.location_id = ${locations.id}`,
      relationship: `many_to_one`
    },
    dates: {
      sql: `DATE_TRUNC('day', ${CUBE}.sold_at) = ${dates.date}`,
      relationship: `many_to_one`
    }
  },

  dimensions: {
    id: { sql: `id`, type: `number`, primary_key: true }
  },

  measures: {
    transactions_without_returns: {
      sql: `transaction_id`,
      type: `count_distinct`,
      filters: [
        { sql: `${CUBE}.transaction_type <> 'EXCHANGE'` },
        { sql: `${CUBE}.fulfillment_channel_group IN ('IN_STORE', 'SHIP_FROM_STORE')` }
      ]
    }
  }
})

cube(`item_location_sales`, {
  sql_table: `item_location_sales`,

  joins: {
    items: {
      sql: `${CUBE}.item_id = ${items.id}`,
      relationship: `many_to_one`
    },
    locations: {
      sql: `${CUBE}.location_id = ${locations.id}`,
      relationship: `many_to_one`
    },
    dates: {
      sql: `DATE_TRUNC('day', ${CUBE}.date) = ${dates.date}`,
      relationship: `many_to_one`
    }
  },

  dimensions: {
    id: { sql: `id`, type: `number`, primary_key: true }
  },

  measures: {
    sales_amount: { sql: `sales_amount`, type: `sum`, format: `currency` }
  }
})
```

</CodeGroup>

Both facts join to the same `items`, `locations` and `dates` cubes. The `dates`
spine matters: without it the two facts have no common time member to group by,
since one is keyed by day and the other by timestamp.

### 2. Define AOV on the view

AOV can live on the view or on either cube — see [where to put
it](#where-to-put-the-measure) below. On the view it is a [measure of the
view][ref-view-measures], marked [`multi_stage`][ref-multi-stage]:

<CodeGroup>

```yaml title="YAML"
views:
  - name: retail_analysis
    cubes:
      - join_path: item_location_sales
        includes:
          - sales_amount
      - join_path: sales_line_item
        includes:
          - transactions_without_returns
      - join_path: dates
        includes:
          - date
      - join_path: items
        includes:
          - department
      - join_path: locations
        includes:
          - region

    measures:
      - name: aov_basket
        type: number
        format: currency
        multi_stage: true
        sql: "{CUBE.sales_amount} / NULLIF({CUBE.transactions_without_returns}, 0)"
```

```javascript title="JavaScript"
view(`retail_analysis`, {
  cubes: [
    {
      join_path: item_location_sales,
      includes: [`sales_amount`]
    },
    {
      join_path: sales_line_item,
      includes: [`transactions_without_returns`]
    },
    {
      join_path: dates,
      includes: [`date`]
    },
    {
      join_path: items,
      includes: [`department`]
    },
    {
      join_path: locations,
      includes: [`region`]
    }
  ],

  measures: {
    aov_basket: {
      type: `number`,
      format: `currency`,
      multi_stage: true,
      sql: `${CUBE.sales_amount} / NULLIF(${CUBE.transactions_without_returns}, 0)`
    }
  }
})
```

</CodeGroup>

The shared dimension cubes sit at root-level join paths, so `date`, `department`
and `region` are common to both facts and can be grouped by.

### 3. Query it

Querying `aov_basket` by `region` aggregates each fact on its own, stitches the
two results on the shared dimension, and takes the division over the joined rows:

```sql
-- one aggregating subquery per fact, at the query's grain
SUM(item_location_sales.sales_amount)                GROUP BY region
COUNT(DISTINCT CASE WHEN … THEN transaction_id END)  GROUP BY region
-- final stage, once the two are joined on region
sales_amount / NULLIF(transactions_without_returns, 0)
```

The measure filters travel into the line-item subquery, so the exchange and
channel rules are applied exactly where they were defined.

<Note>

`multi_stage: true` is what defers the division until both facts have been
aggregated. Without it, Cube plans the expression as an ordinary calculated
measure, looks for a single join tree covering both fact cubes, and fails with
`Can't find join path to join 'locations', 'item_location_sales',
'sales_line_item'`.

</Note>

## Where to put the measure

A metric spanning two facts does not have to live on a view. A cube measure may
reference another cube's measure, which makes it derived rather than owned by
its cube — the same property a view measure has — so AOV can sit on either fact
cube instead:

<CodeGroup>

```yaml title="YAML"
cubes:
  - name: sales_line_item
    # …

    measures:
      - name: transactions_without_returns
        sql: transaction_id
        type: count_distinct
        filters:
          - sql: "{CUBE}.transaction_type <> 'EXCHANGE'"
          - sql: "{CUBE}.fulfillment_channel_group IN ('IN_STORE', 'SHIP_FROM_STORE')"

      - name: aov_basket
        type: number
        format: currency
        multi_stage: true
        sql: "{item_location_sales.sales_amount} / NULLIF({CUBE.transactions_without_returns}, 0)"
```

```javascript title="JavaScript"
cube(`sales_line_item`, {
  // …

  measures: {
    transactions_without_returns: {
      sql: `transaction_id`,
      type: `count_distinct`,
      filters: [
        { sql: `${CUBE}.transaction_type <> 'EXCHANGE'` },
        { sql: `${CUBE}.fulfillment_channel_group IN ('IN_STORE', 'SHIP_FROM_STORE')` }
      ]
    },

    aov_basket: {
      type: `number`,
      format: `currency`,
      multi_stage: true,
      sql: `${item_location_sales.sales_amount} / NULLIF(${CUBE.transactions_without_returns}, 0)`
    }
  }
})
```

</CodeGroup>

Both placements plan identically — the same per-fact subqueries, stitched the
same way, divided in the same final stage — and `multi_stage` is required either
way. What differs is reuse and coupling:

| | On a cube | On a view |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Reuse | Defined once; every view including it gets it | Redefined in each view that needs it |
| Coupling | The cube names the other cube's measure | The cubes stay unaware of each other |
| Query path | Available as `sales_line_item.aov_basket` too | Only through the view |

Prefer the cube when the metric is part of the model that several views expose —
it keeps [shared logic in cubes][ref-views-shared-logic]. Prefer the view when
the pairing is a presentation choice for one audience, or when the cubes belong
to different domains and you would rather not have one reference the other.

A cube-owned measure reaches the other fact whether or not the view naming it
also includes that fact, so a view can expose AOV without exposing
`sales_amount`.

[ref-multi-fact-views]: /docs/data-modeling/multi-fact-views
[ref-multi-stage]: /reference/data-modeling/measures#multi_stage
[ref-measure-filters]: /reference/data-modeling/measures#filters
[ref-view-measures]: /reference/data-modeling/view#measures
[ref-views-shared-logic]: /docs/data-modeling/views#keep-shared-logic-in-cubes
[link-tesseract]: https://cube.dev/blog/introducing-tesseract
