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    йо
    001.ũҵṹת
    002.ʱĹ̺
    003.ʱͩݼӵɺͱ仯
    004.йʱѿ
    005.ھ˼
    006.侭˼С䡱롰䡱֮о
    007.侭˼Ľ
    008.ʮߡʮйѧҵѧ̬
    009.ĩǿ۵ݡҰݱ
    010.йѧĻ֯
    011.εⷨй
    012.йѧ˶ʷ

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йо

    ⱾӹʮƪġͨЩĵۣԹй˼ͽṹķչʡйʱڴԼʮʮֹйȨĽ

    йʮǰϵı仯ɴ濴һᾫӳɷֵı仯Ӷ㽭ʡͩᾫɵķ֣Լٷ֮ʮؾӵͥӵľֻռİٷ֮ʮһͥȴռٷ֮ʮһڶһҵӪйϵ¹ײ֡͸Գε֯ķ֣ҶڹҵĽʿ˽ײĽ޲ɱˡӪҵ˶ӵƳѺձ顣һĳ̶ϣѱͬһײ㡣ũҵṹת䡣͸ҵ衢ũԼֱ߼ֹϵķ֪ʮͺʮʱڵũҵṹġ

    йʷѧʮ𣬾ͲڡйʱѿĿ£̽йڵᾭñǨǣһֱоصڴйѰŷʱڵһЩʣûжʮ͵ũҵṹʮ͵ĲͬʷʵӦеע⡣

    йǸԱľúĻĹҡǨȫԵ󣬶ҪڶغҵȽΡߣйͨ豸󣬵θ˼ʹϵѪԵ͵ԵΪҪĽϻһԴӹҵݺѧ֯ο

    ᾭõķչǸͬʱڵѧ˼໥Ӱġʮᾭþޱ⣬ԡ֪ԼΪףȥԸΪǿʦġΥ̵Сǵ̬ȣ뷢ŷ½ƾŵµļᶨģͳ뷨սΪмơ

    ǡʦġʮʮ𣬾𽥱صġĸ˼ȡκθĸֻڱƶȵСΧ֮ڽеķʽǡž˵ȡ֮ζ֮ĸʽ

    ĩѧ߹֮ȻˡޣľȴĩѧߵĸأչΪѸĸһΪԶҲӦıҵ·Χ֮ڡ˵ҵ£Ҫָάϸֹϵ塢֮ԡںޱͨܵϵǰ̸ĸʵϣѾ﷢չĿԡ⣬ѧ֪ΧҲƫصġֻԭʼҾΪͳһرƫҵµĽ󣬶Զо֮⣬ųκηԭʼҵĳɷ֣͡ѧš

    صѧ˼뻷ֱйѧ˶չ󣬲Žøı䡣ѧ˶Ҫص㡣һǹѧñȽϿ͹۵ѧ֪ʶ̽Ҿԭʼ壻һչѧ֪¿϶Ŵѧӡīӡӵѧ˵´ѧļֵѧϰķΧȻˣ֪ʶ϶ҵ¹淶ɱĵļ֣﷢չЧһǶ죬ǻ˵ʱᾭ÷չĳ弤Ȼƻҵڵʱռֵ

    һžũ

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ũҵṹת

    ֮ǰҽϤġΪʷѧ㷺ʹõойᾭʷķʽõһʽʷѧ߶شһ⣬ǾǣΪʲôйûӢһԼչΪһʱңʵķʽ˵ϣñȽʷļܹȥйӢȽʱʲôͬƩĵ¹ѧΤMax Weberڷŷʱ˼ֽ֮һͬһ棬̽ΪʲôйûгʱᡣֵرעǣΤоʱʱѾֵʵоĶͷΧ൱ȷйʵǸûгʱᣬҪоĶǷΧܲȷойʷķһʷĹ߿õùϽʧΪһѧϰйʷĽݾǶйʷѧ˵ΪŪйʲôôģǵǰ˴µĻڻ֪ʶ£ȥȽʷоʷġһĻ֪ʶȥȽʷоɹӦǱȽġ

    й½ʷѧ۵ġйʱѿ⣬ȻʷʽǰвͬʵδȽʷоܹķΧҵ⣬й½ʷõıȽϷͳ߶ȶ̫򵥻ˡƩǷֵ򹤳ʹý϶͹ʱžͻΪʱѿĳ֮ӹ͹ĳ֣ΪӢȻӢʷ֮ũҵ͹ɵģΪʮ͵ӢһũԸĹңǵʮͣӢ˵ʱŷʳڹͬһʱڣӢʳĵλҲӡԵλӺջı߶㣬ʮʱıΪһʮͺѾӽһʮ١Ӣʷѧ߽ʱصĴٳУע⵽͹ֱ˿еİٷֱȣӣһ󣨹͹еıһĩһİٷ֮ʮһӵһ˰İٷ֮ʮڣйũҵչ˺ܲͬһ˵ҪĲǣλʳûӣЩˡʷ£ҪҳٷֱȺܵ͵Ĺ͹ڵȥ֤ʱѾѿˣƺһеоʹйҲ˰ٷ֮ʮֱǹ͹Ҳܾ֤ʱѿˣΪڹ͹ũҵ֮䣬һȷĹϵ뿼ǵ⡣

    ڶоķʽǴӡչĹ۵ȥᡢõıǨ޿ɷϣáΪչĳ߶ȣԳʱΪоΧȻᷢӵеļ֪ʶȷʵЧơЩʷѧڴʶ̫Ը񽭱ºӵһ˩ũˮ˻صһֲۣļĩ˵ֵ˵⡣Ըĩũ顱顰ũ顱صĵʱľũҵδڽա㱱ĵ˫˫Ҳ彭ĸˮƽƺΪһּ֮һķչǸһͣͣеʧԵѧؽ˹Dwight H. PerkinsɣMark Elvinȣйڸӵ£˿ȴʱΪǰѡһʣ۵ģֻйͳũҵʲôʱ򵽼޵ˡ۶˽ʱľ÷չûжġ

    Ҿ˵߶ȵѴҶ֪ũҵӪձ鷽ʽǼͥʽũҵͥĻλڳԱҪȫͥͶ֧ͥũӪָԭΪͥıȫıϣһ׷ԳεũҵӪΪ˵һũҳʳ֮⣬һЩʹֹҵŵĿǣκһ־ӪʧݼͥھȻ־Ӫʹũҵֹҵרչʮ͵ũͥũҵ޷֯־ӪҼԱ֯Ȼֻ֯ũеʱſũһæͣܡȻ֯δܳã̸Ϸ֯ҵרչˡʷѧϰܰũ֯ҵΪũ帱ҵûз֯ҵǷһЩߣΪ˷֯ҵ᲻ԭĳ̶ȣũң˿۽۵ʱΪæ˿ѴֲļˣЩũȫִһһ˫˻صƣûũܳõЩӲ˵÷չĳ߶ȣõķɡߣҲǵáھAgricultural Involution򡰱ݼDiminishing ReturnЩͳ͵˵ġΪҪ˽ԣǲܺӳʱ̷ΧڵһЩС仯ġ

    ƪҪ۵ģǡΪʲôʱ̫ûйɵʱᡱҪһǸũҵṹʱʲô仯ΪǰȽʷܹ۵صڶũҵṹıȽϡڲμйʱѿ۵й½ѧУΪѿʮͣųʮͣȻʮʮдԵʱ㡣ǱȽʱڵũҵṹһܰ˽ũҵṹǲǷ仯ǿ϶ģôʲô仯áũҵṹʣָũҵйϵᡢú֯ۺ塣Ӷ̬ĽǶȥ죬Լ򵥵ֹϵһֱ֮Ĺϵڶֱߺҵ֮ĹϵҲҵϵ֮ĹϵҲ˰ĹϵһǹҺ͵ũֱ߼ĹϵҲ򵥡ʽĴũҵṹֹϵĿģϣܹȽой÷չͬΪдͨʷ׼

    ȴҵϵ˵ҵϵԭ֮һǵȨ·䡣ضΪУΪغͳǾӵСصĳ֣ƻƽĳ̶ֳϱʾҵԵũƹϵɳڡЩصĵֻܿԼİţ綥ȨȨʵȣͶʵ档Եũ˵ϵǵ棬ṩ˱ȹȥԶıϡũԼɵ⣬öպ޳ʹũճɲõʱ򣬵ũԼٽ⽻⡣

    ҪؾӪʽͬص㣬ǵʹôūͺū͵Ĺ͹ǲʹūʹֱūΪ¼ලũؽٵƵѼеﵽ֯ȫίūȥĳ˹⣬ṩг󡣽ϴƵʹūʹ¸ҵū͵ҵȫʧˡƱʽǶʱũɷӣһŵʶũƵСƵƽԸũũ͹ū澡Щ֮䣬ǾλкĲ𣬿˵һԵĵȼᡣϲǴƵײū澡;˵λϵƵסڳľ˼С⣨ӵزĶ󲿷ִӵضԸũũ͵ũĲͬλǿ԰ЩũΪƽȵᣬʾ

    Ǿӵĳ֣һ֤ҵԵũƾͻɳڣҪԵũǷԾгõĿУǷӣǾҵϵıҪءǷгȨҵĹϵһۣƵطǿšӵеطҪԴҵԵط˾ҲкܴӰط׿ǣͳũĹߡַչҪԭһкϷĸ߶ȨڶǸλӰӰزйءƵ档ʹĩ۸ĸĸ߳ҲֻܺǲҪǷȨǺϷȨȴ¸ĸĵطȻйǿжҲֱֻ֧ȺũԿƵĵͽϸضԴǷʹȨơλƵܹǵȨ沢أ͸⡢˰İ취ͶʵʹũɥʧأΪǵū͡ũ顱˵һϰ࣬ǳ룬˳𡱵ʱݡҲǡƹʼ˵ӳмߣ״⼫˰ж׼СϰѳɣΪ족ʱޡ

    ƵԶλ֮½ʼĩĩֵط˾棬ʼضԵ֧֣Щطֻܴ߱ƵԵũǷ⡢ȴʡԺʼƵڸ۷ȨƱ˵ĵزǵĸ۸ˡͬһʱ͸Ƿ¼صشƵĵط˳γӺĻ׷Ƿ⣬ҪʵֱӽҵϵӿӺǬ¡Ȱҵƴũÿʵۻҵ˰ʱҵҲӦũ⣬ʾʵ۶ԵũĹġʵõũƺҵطáʵ۽⼸ʩһԷֹƵطĹַչΪũṩ˱϶ľñϡλũ˳ˡÿ갴Լ⣬ճɲʱٽ⣬Ƿ⡢Ҳʱзˡ

    һֱ߼Ĺϵũ֯ƶȻƶȣָɵﳤƵֱӿƻӲ֮µġνũ干ͬ壨ũȻչ֯һֱûлᷢչũԷ֯ĳ֣Ƶûص֮ദũ忹¼๲ͬ֯ĻԺƵļ忹ũ¼رڿеũ϶ϼطȻ֯Գ̶ȺͶũҵչãƺҲ󡣵ǷһЩˮ֯κ֣ũĺ̶ȲߡũĵԼҵ棬ȱ徫˵棬£ũˮ֯͵طȴûȨֹºҲûȨƲΥķӡһеطȨڵطȱĵطٵ£ũҪάһõĹϵͳǺѰ쵽Ģߡ

    ʱ̫ũҵṹı仯ùҵǰӢũҵṹΪ߶ȣũҵʱ巢չĿԡѡӢΪԼɵʱΨһҡӢũҵӪɫǲù͹´ũӢسũɴũũҵ͹ȥ֣ȻֱӹȴǵĹ´ΪӪලӢڵطϾߵȨӵеطأյطȨ˾ȨԽ̻ĲƲûպӢ޷طΨһƺطĽ̻ҲʧˡطʹܰԭԸũԸϼȥǴũϵĹ͹ũ͹͹ڹȨ£Ϊũҵ˹סǻعͷ̫ΡũҵṹӢĻȽϽӽƵ൱ߵĵطȨũҵṹƺӢģʽԶ仰˵йũҵʱ巢չĿСΪ˿϶ĽۣӦýһȥоũҵõ棬ȻйȽоʷ֪ʶſܷḻ

    Jan de Vries, The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750, pp.35-36.

    Richard Lachmann, From Manor to Market: Structural Change in England, 1536-1640, pp. 16-17; 121.

    £ϴ߸εࡷسࡶйũҵŲѡϱ࣬ҳĶˡ˵Խºأǰʮ굾졣ȥָһ꣩Էפٲܤ׼硢Сֽ֮Աߣĳ֮ѯũν꣨һ˩ģǰˮֵ֣һ졣󣬺ˮǣΨͣʵһգ֡

    ܻƅnʶС¼һҳһһġݻƅn۲죬ʳΩ¡ ػ֯Բ׶ʳ ȣȡ£׹飬νﷹסֱ䡣

    鼭ºУ㣬ũ顷Ͼҳһ塣

    ңƹʼһףҳߡ

    ߹ڱĶ̫ũҵṹĿǸ޹δĲʿģ"Peasant Economy and Rural Society in the Lake Tai Area, 1368-1800"

    Ŀ

    һ£ϴ߸εࡷйũҵŲѡϱ࣬л֣һˡ

    ңƹʼһһ塣

    鼭ºУ㣺ũ顷л֣һ

    ġƅnʶС¼һ˾

    塢de Vries, Jan., "The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

    Lachmann, Richard., "From Manor to Market: Structural Change in England, 1536-1640". Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987.

    ߡShih, James., "Peasant Economy and Rural Society in the Lake Tai Area, 1368-1800". Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.

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    ͹///С//ͷ

ʱĹ̺

    

    ѧ߶ʱͳελĹײоаϵʷѾȡ൱ĳɹǣڹľû棬һЩʷʷѧδܵӦеӡʱġ̡̡͡Щ֮һоĿͼؽʷʵõġ̡һʣָǴ¹ҵӪĸְ١ָ̡ʿݵˡʿ;Ի;ȡýʿˡԱȳ͸ֹεˡҰйƷûйְģȺѡûְġطвƷĹԱ̡

    ʱݸεĹҵΪоЩɷֳࣺһԵԵϵΪ֯Ļݡͬһܰһ򼸸ͬĹҵ紴Ǭ¡Ļտݣ͡桢ƤֲֽͬҵĻտˢ١һͬĹҵΪ֯Ĺͬһܰһ򼸸ͬͬҵߡ紴ͬʮĽҵԻݡݡˡĸݿ轴ˢڡ

    ѡݵĹҵΪоɡһʱĺ;ȽĳεҪ֮һݸڵأǾɴ˺ӹͨйϱõıؾ֮أݵĹҵʱȽ̬ݵУѾ൱ḻĹҵϡһġʡѡһŰһӡеġݹҵ̼ɹѧ̽ݵҵķչ֯ΡȻѳıʹʱصʱԡʮ䣬ЩǵʱܲȫߣЩϣüֲͬʽ飬ɷᱳʱѡ˵ݵʮݡ幫ǡļأᵽʼ˺ٿʱֱ顰ٿûǰעǷµλۡƺֻһ̶ͨѡǾݵʮݸһģᵽٿʱְٿܡȻٿһͨˣǸӵְԱͼݵˡְԱָطвƷĹԱֻСǡûݸĹģƱϺٿ̡Ĵо޷ȫġֻҪʼռסϵȱ㣬ͲóԶʵεĽˡ˱⣬оˡסһЩ־ϡ

    оķϣǰݹҵĻȥоʱʱҵչص㣬ͻȽֳˡ

    ʱݵĻɷ

    ĿǰйݵĻϣܹɷӵģֻжʮĸݵϡʮĸϣƳɱһһǴļṩ˻ɷӵϡеġ١ҪָڽְͬԱԡǿṇ̀ҲǵĹԱ

    һݵĻɷ

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    ûݵɷΪֱ׼ݻݴ¿ɷֳࡣһȫͬԱɵġͬʮ(һһ)İֱݣΨһһԷֱĺˡˡˡɹˣڽ(17)

    ڶְյͬԱɵġǬ¡ʮ(һ߰˾)˻Ǹ͡˻ݵһϼأǬ¡ʮͬͥνѲʱݵĺ秳ҵ̼µĵطҲǹڽյͬŰ缯ĵط(18)ʮ(һһһ)Ĺ㶫ҲݵӡݷȨڻ̵ġڻݵķԼдţëëΩ͡ëģг·һΪãֶ飬ԸȪȣ˷㶫츮ȵΪ鶨ʱֵΪ֮ҵ(19)ԡݼ˻¾˰ߣԵհ񣬳ꡣڴ˾Ӫߣÿѽڣ¹ڼóּƼȣʢ࣬Աܡ(20)ڶʮĸݻУһа˸ϵȱ㣬ֻ˵ɹɣǷ̣ԱǷй̣ȴδϸ֡

    ҪԱ̡̡ڡ(һ˰һ)ǸӡǮ޽ݵ˰ͬԱʮˡ綼Ժ󸱶ʷ򡢽Ѳղʹػ͵ȣͬ򲹹Աʮˡ罭պ򲹵͢ࡢպ򲹵ȣԼһЩСԵͬҵ塣Ϻݳ̡Ϻع򽭳̡̡̡շ̡򽭼Ӧ̡(21)Ľպ򲹵͢ǵʱĳɹˡ

    ̺ΪɵġҾӣ˵ݵɷӡһ°Ϊɵ°ݡһǬ¡ʮ(һİ)Ⲽ̾Ǯŵ̶ʿݣ°̵̡ݡ

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    ݻݵĵڶӡһͬ(һ)ݻҵϽƺֵܾĳģڳϳľǼ̡ǰء̫ƽҵաӾŶŰïعӢ(23)⣬ͬ(һ)£ݴղʹʹһݳģڳϳİʮˡˡʮ̵ĹΣ֪ѡ֪ͬպ֪ءƷΡպةѡة򲹸ѡѵѡ˰δʹպ򲹴ӾšѡӾšԺگΡӾšƷ(24)ݶӦɭǺѡ֪(25)

    ̡̡ɵġݵɷӣҾٶԽݺԪ˵ݵʮ(һ)ݾӪҵĶԽԪصϽ֯Կҵһģڳϳģʽְ˼𥡢(26)ĵķ׼ʽṇ̀˼̡̣ɾﾭҵɵԪݣݵĵڶӡݹ(һ߾)һģڳϳģ̡̡ˡǸξȲνӪҶθȫ֪ضơӪظɳԪǮʴ̳ԱǮѡͽࡢı(27)

    ΪĻݡȫʮĸУռ߸ȫݡ̻ݡ䰲ݡ˻ݡݡǮݺ͸߱(28)

    УȥԱֲʵİֱ⣬ڹҵʵռʮɹ١̺ռ˸̡̺ռĸ̡̡̺ռ١̡̺ռɵռ߸ǰйμӵĹҵһ࣬йռȫҵݵİٷ֮ʮ̵ֻռٷ֮ʮ̵ֻĻȻûйֱӲμӣȻǸĹϵеġɺݳɵǮݵġǡκԺ޵ѧߺ˺(һ塪һ)׫д(29)ɺ䰲ɵ䰲ݡǡǵʱ֪ءͬ׫д(30)

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    ǵʱóױ뾭ķмˡ̶̵ݣȻԿò̵ĺڽϵó׻ƱغѼȥǸ̵ʱڽյٵ֧֣ͬṆ̀ܶѿܲᷢʹˣҲȽ˳صõΪΪʲôڻݳԱУͬԱ̵һԭߣ֮ĹϵȻֻǵġҪıҲμҵþ档

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    ݵĹҵɷ

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ʱͩݼӵɺͱ仯

    

    дƪĿģһ̽ҶԺ̫ϲչԸݼɵӰ졣áɡһָͩĸϳɷ˵ģ˵ᱳְҵλỷ壩ڶĿ÷־ĴϣʾṩĴ𰸡

    ϰй־ϵ˶֪Ȼ־Ŀͬÿ־Բϵȡ׼ͼµΣȴвˣʷѧ÷־оʱ򣬳ΪòԤڷ־õ϶ա

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    Ҫ̫̽չӰ죬ʮͩʿϳ޵ġͩ־ṩ˱Ƚϡ־صдﴫǵķʽ־ﴫǣЩסơһ֪Щʷдķʽ̫־ûеġ־дʽȻ̳ǰ־ϰߣΪԺͩ˻ʿӵļء

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    ȻʱͩΪоǲԡ־ѡٱеȫΪݾأȻǱҪ˽⡶־ô綨ͩˡǵĺġ־õı׼ȷìܵĵطӦ¶һʺоҪϷ־ʵȷ׼Ȼ±׼ѡٱ˵Ĳ綨ͩˡı׼(һ)˵Ļͩء()˱ͩؿԵġڵڶ׼һ⣬Щֻ򻧼ͩ翼ΪͽˣڹӼڵ׶۵صμӿԣǰҲ㡰ͩˡ׼ĽǷڡ־еһʮУʮŸͩˣֻͩжپʮ߸

    ˭֮ͩ󣬽һҪ֪ģЩ˵ᱳֵø˵ǣڡ־ﴫУرеԢʹдТѴĸ¼ṩ൱ḻйⷽϣЩϣͿԽоˡ

    ĹĽڣһڣ̽˵ӷֲͱ仯ڶڣ˿ڵĵǨΣͩӷֲ仯塣ڣ˼ͥᱳĽڣӾ˵ľûġ

    ʱͩ˵ӷֲͱ仯

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    Է֯Ϊҵʱ̲ݳַ֣̼꣢ܡ

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    ͩ˵ĵֲı仯˵ͩũΪǱȽȫԵģģֻе˿ڡ

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    ˿Ǩͩ˵ӷֲ

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    빫ֻһ鰲˴ˡԪĩƾͩԺΪз֮ʼޡ

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    Ϊ۵ķ㣬ǰȫؼļͩ˰ճȺۺϷں

    һļصͩ

    ͩʮУؼļʮһˡǰЩļԭĻΪ׼֣а˸ͩص壬൱ȫؼľӾİٷ֮ʮֻһռؼļİٷ֮šԭӲˣռؼļİٷ֮ʮˡ

    ǽһЩļǨͩԭʱǨļǵ⻧ֺйϵˣеҪסڹҵ׶ۡˣɵԶȥۣΣʹ۵˼Ҽʮ꣬סڷ۵ءЩˣر׼ǻǵӵڷ۵زμӹҵĹٿԡһ񼮵ĿǻصԭزμӿԲɡ

    ʮһؼļľУ¡ʿ֣񼮣Ըһͩһڱо֮⣬ʮ˶ǵļļоٵġͳٺξʮ˽Ϊǵķ۵ص׶ǵľ˳ڱ˳츮Կȡġ־ٴм򵥶ļأ

    ϣʣ游Խ뾩ϰҵͳ˳Ծ(45)

    ǮǮʱӷֱɻʮ¶ȡþ˳ǮϸӶ۵صھʦǵľ˳Ҳ˳Կе(46)

    ʮ˷ʣΪϷۣľ˳Կȡġ־أ

    ʣļˣٷɾʽ(47)

    ⣬ڡ˾˷˵ľ˳ڹԿȡġҫϸ˵ľ˵λҲڹԿȡġϾٷʵƲ⣬ˡͥܿܶפعľͥ

    ļصͩ

    һġһ˰˾ţͩĶٶʮ߸Уؼļʮˡռȫİٷ֮ʮšռٷ֮ʮŵļռٷ֮ʮļȽϣļռİٷֱȻǱȽļ˵ԭʱ̻֮ᷢռļٷ֮ʮǴǨģռļٷ֮ʮ˵ǴǨȥģֻļǴǨȥġ⣬ǨӲˡ򵥵˵ǨľӵΪΪ

    Ǩļԭ˵θĺܲͬͩ˻ǨؼļǳԸģƶȵĹ涨ҪǨģͩ˼ͥǨļǳԸġ

    پͼľӵĵص˵Ҳͩ˶ľԶĵطϱϡݵͱľʦʮļļУʮ߸ˣİٷ֮ʮˣľصЩ󲿷ֲֶͩصĸԼռļ˰ٷ֮ʮĵľˣסͩضİ˸س˸򶫱ʡζسǣϾ⽭ˮ򡢼˸ǡ򡢺·򡢺سֱǮسǡ˸УľͩǼ˸ǣ˸ͩļ˸ڵأռʮļˡռ˸ˡٴռˡζسռ·ռռһˡֲͩľӵˣǶסںݸ

    ֱһԺͩؼļ˵ĵֲųڽķΧؼļͩؾҲǸʱͩİٷ֮ʮϡͩ˵¼ļذϾ˳츮ǡ㶫תŸѻƬսԺйΡø·չйء

    üļ˵ļͥΪ㵥λǷռļٷ֮ʮľˣͥͥ¼ͥ뼮ͩİ˼ͥǱصͥļܼһ֧ռ˸ˡļ˸ǺͱسǷ֧ռ˸ˡļ˸Ǻͳس֧ռĸˡļ֣һ֧ռˡļζسǵĽһ֧ռˡ

    ۾˼ͥؾڵǨʱע⵽ԺӾ˼ͥǨӵѲڡ˼ͥǨƣɱǨؽϴ縮ǡسǻҵȽϷǨľӵģֻռܼļİٷ֮塣תζŴ¼ͥϵϺϣ˱صũҵȫͩأľصĳӾ˵ϵԽڱĹϵΪڳ᷽ķչũķչ

    ؼļľ˼ͥУҲľվöļصĻġļ˸ǵͩmӶˮˮõʿ(48)⣬ͩʿʯܵҲͩǨ˸ǣˮ(49)

    ͩرؾ˼ͥķ

    Ӿ˼ͥ

    һڵ֪ܶӾˣĩԺǨͩͥӾƺԭصͥ־ǵ߸ͩӾ˵ļͥ

    һׯʢ

    ʮһʿׯʢһ˼ͥׯƸǸûйĶˡ־ׯƸأ

    ׯƸΪːӡТܡΪǨֵˣٽҵ֣ϰҵ䣬δ־Ӽʢ(50)

    ׯһֵ͵ͥгԱͬʱֹάׯҵķչһؾӪڶҵǾҵ־ӪУغҵԵľûׯҾõҪԴҵȴһΪͥλǰ;ͶʻͶǲһջġׯֵУ羭̣Ƹһ˹ҵҾãֻȥӪũûѧҵ

    ųŷ

    ֵܶ˳ĽʿǵĸǸѧʶûйˡ־Ӵأ

    Źĸˡ¡ѧġɥˡʮ󣬿ȻЮ߳Ρîڳ潭(51)

    żӵ֡־صʱż˵

    îγլծΪװ潭硣ʱ˽ǧʳָڶࡣϹڣڲмԳ䡣꣬ʳΪʦԲϧ޸(52)

    żҵ˵£(һ)żھ̲£ȻӵܵľҵڶԼͥƣ()ͥ޷֯ҵͥռҪĵλǶԾõͥԳͥ޷֯Ҫ

    

    ˳˿䨳һͥĶÿĸ׷֯ά֡־䨴أ

    ׹ڡˣʮɥĸϷļ(53)

    䨵һ˵ͥ޷֯һͥϵҪλ׼ʿˡ

    ġF

    F˳ʮʿĸε˳ʮ깱(54)ɴ˿֪żһͥ

    塢

    ʮ襵дӸǨ˼ֱܼͥϵĵλŽ襵游ܹ游裬͸̶Ĺ(55)оԺֳܼˣһʿ

    뾰

    سǷȻ¡һʿԴԺм侭һٶʮ꣬Ҳûٳ˻ʿһҲûгֱ念ʮ뾰о١ɴƲ⣬ĩķѾ¼ͥˡ뾰ĵĸ׷ǸҾСԱ־񴴫أ

    빫ָ֮سˡΪҽСи漱޲ӦײԴߣܸ֮ɫ(56)

    سǷңӷ뾰Ŀʼһʿĸˡ

    ߡͺӳ

    Ժͺӳֱֵܷ˳˳ˡֵܵĸӦĩԪĹ(57)ֵܶ˳һ²¼ֵͥܲľ¼ͥҼҾҲ൱С־Ӧĸأ

    Ωͩسܣĸڴ䣬ģ⼢ȫ(58)

    ˡ֣̺

    z֣̺˳ξʿ֣һˣͥҪĸ׷ļά֡־أ

    ֣ĳɥƶĸϷļգʦѵ֮(59)

    ϰ˸Ӿ˼ͥķ֪(һ)Ժֵǳ²¼ͥ⣬߼Ҷ˵ֱͥϵУûгӵйϳˡľӾ˼ͥԺҡʩҡҺĳ¼ҡļҡҡ½ңгҺ½ѾǨӣ⣬Ѿûˡ̨ϾٵʮӾˣȫǮļͥһԼҾ൱ƶͥżҡ׼ҡ֣ҡׯҡ()ͥɶԵıʽһͥĳԱͬʱֱءҵֹҵ;ҵ־ӪҲͥ־ӪʵĵڼҾԣʱ򣬼гԱԶҵԱ͸ƿλڼҾѵʱ򣬼гԱѧֹ̣ͥҵάּͥơıķʽµķʽиϵµȻҲͬءҵֹҵ;ҵ־Ӫǳҵ֮⣬ֶǼӵأͨ¼ū͡͹͵軧ȥӪġ

    ͩӾ˼ͥ

    ռͩؾٷ֮ʮľ˳񡣵ʱĹҵξǰͨ֮ĲҲܴᡢõȻũҵ壬֮Ҷס䣬¼ͥҲӡʮԺ󽥽ıˡ񲻵ûǨӵģұӾ˼ͥҲӡ£סԭ񣬾ͳ˾˳Ψһѡ˵Դ

    ʮͩӾˣռٷ֮ʮӾˣĸҪӼͥУֻļԭӵľ¼ͥˣԺּʿˡ˵ļͥĸʿӼͥԭ¼ͥǨӡһ½Ѽҡ½Ѽʿһͩҡʿˡ

    ĸӵĴ¼ͥһʢǬ¡ҶʮʮԺ󣬶ûˡҵµλӺʮ֮жˡ½ѼҵһǬ¡ʮ½ܯǬ¡ԪԺûٳϳˡǬ¡ʮһ¡Ӵ¼û䣬ֵע

    Ӿ˵ľû

    Ӿ˼ͥΪ˵Щͥ;ûص㡣УǵũͶʺ;ӪΣۡ

    Ӿ˼ͥƶǵϰպıϽеġ±ǮͥĻһ˵ǮͥӵܵĽӵܽĿĵȻΪǶһ̵ļͥ˵ܽҲЩʵõĿġس˽ѧڶԽĿʵõĺ⡣־ѧڴأ

    ӣʦʹӵܽʵѧ(60)

    ǮͥȻӵܶΪ˼ҪҪһͥԱڳҵӹܼ⡣ӵܣлʱ򣬻Ǯ̧ԼλϾٽѧںĸ׽ʿ褣Ǿйĸ̡־ʿ褴أ

    ټҵԮͬ(61)

    ҵֻڱصЩҪȥԼǸѧʶˣѣҲЩصѧߡԺԭҵǸдԵӡԭأ

    Գö飬ʫҵ֡˿У߽֪ʿ(62)

    ¾ҵȡù˲ࡣǮ˵ĺôǣھԲ֮󣬿ԻǮ͢ĹǾġ͢崫˵

    ӦԣżۣԮԿة˵(63)

    Ǯ֧ͥӵܹҵ̣ҲвũҵصͶʡȻǶũͶʵȤΪǰ軧ȥ֣ȡ⡣ϱǸӵ־Ĵ˵

    ǧĶЉʰ麣ÿĺ(64)

    Ǯͥ跨άֱҵʢ֮⣬ƶͬҲʱԾϵİǬ¡ϴңǡƶߣk֮(65)Ǯͥͬľȼû̫֯һҪص㡣йƽּƶ˵һӵǮ˵ĵڶһǮһ֧ΪھӪܹάָУһ֧ܻӵʮƸϾУֻСһ֧άָУ֧û(66)ϴҶ˵kãо˵ġͬʱάҲһ׵ġ

    ±һû¼ͥƶͥôӦǵľ

    ûͥӦİ취вӵܴҵӪ󾭼ѵĸơӵܼҵλĸơǬ¡ʮʿʸĸ׻ʸΣǵ͵ӡ־ʸ˵

    ʮ£ܛP꣬ĸͥʣӛӛPҵ(67)

    һzʩΡ־ʩ˵

    ʩzˡԸС䣬ꛖ䡣Իѧ߷ҮͶܶСƽۡһȨȣȻӮ穣Ը(68)

    ҵӵõĳ·Ȼɿƿ;ȡùԲУûǮȥǵרǮ˵ļҸĹάԺΪ䴫˵

    գ泤ӽżۣȡƶйΪ̶޾(69)

    ĹάýĻᣬԵ׼֣оǰΪƶϴԸ(70)

    ˽֮⣬ҵˣרڵطﵣĹֹһΪѵĿṩһάϽĻᡣʮس˽Ǹӡ־أ

    ԣʧšԸԢţΪӶīԴʸ֪ѧʹ޹ĿŹ飬ȡϯɵȽʿ(71)

    һֳӦķʽûͥŮ¼ֹּ֧ͥͥơַʽѾǰ۹Ҷ޷̫֯ԺΪزûũصͥṩһıķʽ

    ˼ͥģһס֮ڡĴҵΪĸطĻҵҲΪΧسҾǸӡ־Ĺ𴫼أ

    ұط⣬ʩӡ䣬̣೧ҩ֣ȫ㡣ˮ֣ԼüZڣԫFһɫ(72)

    سǳ̼ҲǸӡ־մ˵

    ʮ߰ߣ壬֮֮ӡʩףڡ˾ʮδꡡؽҽ鹫ÿˮãʩҩʩޣΪ(73)

    پһ˼ͥӡǬ¡ʮǧ򴴽ͩΨһķˮԺ־أ

    ֮ѧ÷ϣıԸ֮ߡȻΣޕϤн𣬽լԼ֮ǧ(74)

    ᳫ£ϴҲ٣(75)ˮԺĵڶ꣬ϴΪֵּܷңԼļҴǨ򱱡Ǩ󣬳ؿֵ־أ

    䣬Ʊ㡣֮ƫ϶أΧǽʯyţԴtϤͿׯ(76)

    һ¼ͥĵᳫѧǳ˵ȫԵĻͥⷽĻֻسΪ־Ĺ𴫼أ

    ҹлͩسС¥УꡣҪɼ֮ޡdҡ񈓡ҵκ壬ɽģϱТ㶫ëɡ顢Ͼ٣QΡšȻֱʫ޿ʡߣ⽭J֡¹ũѩ£ܺJȡ壬Ϊ(77)

    ֪ʶĴ鼮ޣ֪ʶĽͷչѧ߼ۡĹᳫѧµģǳŬдõѧߺͱ͵ĵط¥Ĺ˽ͼݡʱй¥ͼݣ󶼰ֹܣ(һ)飬()У()ӡ飬()Ĺ¥Ϊģѧ֪ʶĹĶǵʱȫѧߣĹѧоһҪˡ

    

    ۺĽڵķǿԹɳĵʶ

    һٶ䣬ͩӾ˺Ӿھռٷֱȵķֲ˼Եı仯ָһߩһԼٷ֮ʮͩؾ֮Ӿ˵İٷֱ½Ȼֱһ꣬Ӿռİٷ֮ʮҡԺһġһģӾ˵İٷֱȲ½Ƽң½ֻռİٷ֮ʮˡʮߩʮĩ꣬ӾİٷֱȣѾ½İٷ֮һˡӾٷֱȵķչøӾ˵෴һߩһӾֻռİٷ֮ʮʮ婖Ӿ˵İٷֱȿʼ𽥵İٷ֮ʮˡ峯ԺӾٷֱȵӿʼһ˰˾꣬˵İٷֱѾߴռİٷ֮ʮˡתʮҶԺͩҵչƶȵĸĸԼ峯е»ߣеĹϵ

    ͩ˵˵ռٷ֮ʮһӾˣԴһ뼮ͩͥһǱصܼͥʮͥУǨʱְҵ˵Լռٷ֮ʮߵļͥǴĳҵó׻ˡУ԰ʡռİٷ֮ʮ塣پͥǨͩʱλ˵ռٷ֮ʮļͥƽ񱳾ģֻռٷ֮ʮߵļͥ²ϱġ

    ˵ĵڶԴڡͩ־ҵ˸ϱȽȫӾ˼ͥڶԴĴ˸ͥУֻһͥд²λĹı߸ͥͨƽپ˸˼ͥľû˵˸ͥһ֮ǰаļͥһξüʱڣЩѣЩͥбͨԵĺͶԵļͥþӪʽһһ˷ˡ־бͨԺͶԵľӪʽǺµķʽͬġȻ־ӪʽǷרҵķչأǷʱҵķչأۡ

    Ƿ彻ʱڣǰ¼ͥᾫռĵλʱǷһġһ壩ͩصĶʮУֻˣռİٷ֮ʮǰӾ˼ͥռٷ֮ʮߵľˣǳ˵ƽͥЩֱͥϵУûгӵоϳˡ

    ָ䣬ͩӾ˼ͥǨӣµѾˡ

    һһЩйʷǿ۵ΪйڣΪ˴ﵽɹͳεĿģ峯ͳ罭ǰµ׼֮ϵۿ֪ⲻ۵㣬ͩصǵòκ֤ʵġ

    ͩ˵𣬺ᾫռƵλγɣζͩᾫӵϵģҲӦı仯ͩᾫӣعũҵĵϵϵ𽥵ˡеסڱصеס뱾ȫͩˣסѧϰ͹ǵҲΪҪΧ

    ġǴӱȽϵĽǶһ£ͩµͬʱͩũҵչɵӰ졣ʮӢҵڵķչģʽһɹĹҵһ򹤳Сũ˻򹤽ıǱɸеĹ֮ǱǶһΪǼͥλͶũغׯ԰ùǵׯ԰ĸ(78)Ϊ˳άǵλϧͶʸĽͨ豸ũҵչʱڣ֧ũҵȹѹء֮ӢҵڵĹԵʱӢũҵķչаġͩصΣӾ˰ٷֱȿӾ˰ٷֱȼ½£ͩصĸȨķΣһҲӦı仯ȻûйͩصȨεֱϣǴ̫ĶֱΣõЩӵʶ峯һٶֱϽĸأϵĺõأסݸǮشСסֱĶСǵ಻һĶסϵģûصĵũǬ¡ʮġ⿤ͬ־أ

    ̫꣬ƽǢշҵߣﲻĶԵũҲڿ֮мжԣ֮ңΪߤڣڼɡƶӣƿ֮ݻҵ̼֮֡֯⣬ʫߣ(79)
ЩסݸĴסֱСȻҲũͶʣǲӢĹӵԼׯ԰ʵλƵڲǾһλҪأׯ԰¶سũȥȻԼ⡣µͶũˮĸˡɴۣͩӾ˰ٷֱȵӣӾ֧λγɣǲͩũҵչġ

    ١šףףҳţ˷ϣҳġ

    Ժ־¼ơԺ־ʮꡣţҳһԺΪ˸ݲƷгԺ˲֥ɽ䣬ģº秵֯༼Ժ˿֯Ʒں˿֯Ʒ۸ı仯ΣοǬ¡⽭־ˣҳˡ

    ϳͩ־¼ơ־£ҳһġһ壻ο¬ѧߣ־һһ̣ҳһһ

    ͢ԡ־룬ͩ־ϼơ־ߣο־һϣҳһߣҳһ

    ݡ־һϣҳһһ

    ͬݣһ壬Ԣͣҳ塣

    ͬݣһ壬¼ҳһ塣

    ͬݣһ壬Уҳġ

    (40)ͬݣһһѡٱҳߡ

    ͬݣһһѡٱҳ壻һ壬Уҳ塪

    (11)(12)(66)Ϫϼסҳһ

    (13)ϪϼסߣƵڣҳҳ

    (14)(15)־һ壬Ԣͣҳˡ

    (16)ͬ(14)ţҳһһοһ壬Ԣͣҳߡ

    (17)ͬ(14)һһ¼ҳ

    (18)ͬ(14)һ壬Ԣͣҳˡš

    (19)ͬ(14)һһѡٱҳߡһ

    (20)(61)ͬ(14)һ壬Тѣҳһġ

    (21)(22)(60)ͬ(14)һ壬Уҳһ

    (23)ͬ(14)һ壬Тѣҳ塪һһѡٱҳһ

    (24)(73)ͬ(14)һ壬Уҳһߡһˡ

    (25)ͬ(14)һһѡٱҳ婖塢ˡ

    (26)ͬ(14)һ壬¼ҳ塣

    (27)ͬ(14)һ壬¼ҳ

    (28)ͬ(14)һ壬Ԣͣҳһһ

    (29)ͬ(14)һһѡٱҳˡš

    (30)Ժ־һߣѡ٣ҳ塣

    (31)־һ壬¼ҳ塪

    (32)תοʱڻƶȵı仯йŴʷ۴ԡڶһŰ˶ҳ塣

    (33)־һ壬¼ҳһ

    (34)ͬ(33)һ壬Ԣͣҳ壻һ壬¼ҳһ塪һ

    (35)ͬ(33)һ壬Тѣҳһ塣

    (36)ͬ(33)һ壬¼ҳһߡ

    (37)ͬ(33)һһѡٱҳġ

    (38)ͬ(33)£ҳһġһ塣

    (39)ͬ(33)һ壬¼ҳ

    (41)ͬ(33)һ壬¼ҳ

    (42)ͬ(33)һһѡٱҳ

    (43)ͬ(33)һ壬¼ҳߡ

    (44)Ժ־һߣѡ٣ҳߡ

    (45)־һ壬¼ҳˡš

    (46)ͬ(45)һһѡٱҳһһ

    (47)ͬ(45)һһѡٱҳһ

    (48)ͬ(45)ţҳһ

    (49)ͬ(45)ҳˡ

    (50)ͬ(45)һ壬Тѣҳ

    (51)ͬ(45)һ壬Тѣҳˡ

    (52)ͬ(45)һˣĸҳ

    (53)ͬ(45)һ壬¼ҳ

    (54)ͬ(45)һ壬Էҳġ

    (55)ͬ(45)һһѡٱҳһ

    (56)ͬ(45)һ壬Тѣҳһš

    (57)ͬ(45)һһѡٱҳžţһ壬ҳ

    (58)ͬ(45)һ壬ҳ

    (59)ͬ(45)һ壬Тѣҳһһġ

    (62)ͬ(45)һ壬Тѣҳһ

    (63)ͬ(45)һˣĸҳġ

    (64)ͬ(45)һˣĸҳˡš

    (65)ͬ(45)һţТѣҳˡ

    (67)ͬ(45)һ壬Тѣҳһһˣĸҳ

    (68)ͬ(45)һ壬Уҳһġ

    (69)ͬ(45)һ壬Էҳ

    (70)ͬ(45)һ壬¼ҳ

    (71)ͬ(45)һ壬Էҳš

    (72)ͬ(45)һ壬Էҳһһ

    (74)ϹȣͩϪԡ壬ģҳߡ

    (75)(76)ͬ(74)ҳ

    (77)־һ壬Էҳһһ

    (78)E. L. Jones (ed), "Agriculture and Economic Growth in England, 16501815", p.28

    (79)T룬⿤ͬ־壬ףҳһ

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    ˼߶ʱԴͷչۡӷ絽ۺ

    ˼Anthony GiddensڽʱͽۡCapitalism and Modern Social Theoryϵͳؽ˼ʱԴʹӷ⽨ɵʱĿ

    ˼Ϊ˼Է⽨ڵĿһ㾭ʷĵͿƵģΪ⽨ĻСģũҵӪ֮ũūƶȡֹͥҵͳֹҵ⽨ƺ͸ǰĹŴƶȲͬϣ⽨һƶȡ⽨ũūȻҪɸĲƷߺͲƷ֮ķ벢أһ˵ũūҪΪԼԼļͥҪġ⽨ׯ԰Уȥեȡ룬Ըʽάȥȫũū͵ũȥԸեȡ̫ʹ޷ȥʱڵʷҪϵСǵĲƷķչ̡仰˵С߱ߣͶάķչ̡˼ĸʱԴΪĸضǶʱ巢չдٽõġ

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    һЩĶУȻʮ;ѾʱʽӢʮʱҲһЩСΧʱ巽ʽĹҵǳйҵлĿ£зҵһչҪʹҵʱ޷ɳҪǣũ񻹶ǾжСũõλʱʱļǰչǲܵġ

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    ʮӢڽ̸ĸָԭʼ۹̴һƶ̻رָ˻ţԵͼ˴ͶʵˡЩΪصļֵԭСغϲɴƬأѺܶԭϵϮũء뿪صũеΪؤߣеͶ͹гȥͶġɡ͹

    ġó׵չ

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    ھ;رƫĹΪѧ֮Ȼɼ£ɼģָιƽµģʵһ˵ѧ߹ֻ֪֮ڶ֪֮У֪֮ɼ֮ӡ(18)֪ĹڸνＴָ¶ԣ֮¡֮£Ҳ;˳ɼ֮˵֮֮ȸȻҹ֮֮ӡ(19)

    ڶĹӣ纷޹ĽʱĽ顣ΪЩ⣬ӦôӸ𣬶ѧĲһĸ˵֮ߣվƶģ˼䱾Ϊ޼Ҵ£øƶùݼôС֪Ϊ񣬽Եһ֮Ω䲻ܸܹ󡢲ܴڿ֮ΪֺǿСգʹǹҲⲻ֪ģСףʵѧʿջɻڡնࡢ̰ջܣ·ӭ㣬˼䱾䣬̱࣬ʹСսߣ֮Σѧѡ(20)

    ۺ϶˵֪Ƕ֪ΪΪָǵľ̬ȣܱȽ⣬˶лľߣ;Χ;˵ޡ纡޺رľޡ޺Ҳͬʱ¡

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    ᾭýṹľ䣬ʹ۹ڲֳȵ벻ⰳܵţʹ׹ľΪ񻯡ȻӰ˾о˵ľ̬ȡڴڵľ˼룬ԺžµڡfԼԬΪֱں

    һһߡһ߾ţ̩޵ӡڵʱصΡӰ£ľ˼ֳŨʿ񡣵ʱ˹˵ѧѧף֮˲ϧ֮ŭΪ(23)ֻһڲ˵ţ

    ľʷΪ׶Σһ׶֯壬ڶ׶½ܡѧҽѵӰ죬Լļ֯Ϊһ壬þۺø滭ȫΪ飺һ鸺ȫĻһලоúḣ񡣷йڡ顢ɥ£ǱźƽȵԭزƸӵܶѧͬѵ

    ȻͼάаʽŬþѡڷطٵر˰մŭ˵֣ǵԮȣӹⳡѡӴԺƺ𽥿˵ʱƣʵ޷ԿʵطѹȣûŬθĸϵľеѧȥ(24)

    ѡ뵱ʱйصԭһΪʱε̫ڰɴָĸ﷢˶ʱλ˵խֶ¶ɣи߲ţӺչڶŽӢǾĸ취ʥ˷Ϊ֣һǴ½ĿӣһǴҢ˴Ϊ̵ĿҪҢ˴ԹйףΪܹӢţԱҪֻҪ͢ӢţȻȻҲ̫ƽ(25)

    Żڽʦ֮䣬ӡޡֵ֮񶼺ˡ׿˵壬ģʦʥ֮䡣(26)ŻʾΪ˴ﵽĿģֶΥ̵ĵطԻ˵ѧɽũһɣ츴֮ӡ(27)

    žһ塪һ˶žʱΡأͬʱҲ͵˼ʢеʱѧֻѧˣžȴѧԸԬС޼ѧžĹϵ˵СʱѧϾϧͷĿΪǴСʱڳƼܣһ֮£ͦȻΪ֮(28)žԼʾ侭̬ȵҲԵľȴȱɫʡ˵ʮǰһԸԸΪʹ޴ϣ֮֮޼ɣȡǣ໶ϲʩ롣(29)

    žΪķӦ˵ݻı䡣šʿδʱӦר޼˵ĵΪٵ׼֮ӦСĽԼְȥѧϰ޸ΡҲĻᣬҲģ¿Ӵ½ԵĹԹݣžĿӦԾְط֣سܣ˳ЩΪҪ(30)ϣžȻѾķΪ֣ʵϣδ벻ӦòΪһࡣ

    ž˼ɫšʵʶϡһǡ޳ʶΪʱ뻷ĸı䣬ҲҪӦıģӦӦʱҪΪԭܺԭͿԴڣʹʥ˵Ҳ÷˵ʱ֮֮ӹ֮ɷҲʱʥ֮죬޴Ҳ(31)ʶ׵طӳž侫ʵӡƼӦʺʱҪôʲôʺϵأžŲɺ֮ǡ֮Ŀ֮ӣ˾֮֮꣬죬֮״ӣ֮(32)ž̫ڷĿ˵ģܣͺ֮ģ֮֮ҷʤ֮Ԫʱˣȡ֮ʮţ֮ʮһ⣬̼֡ι٣ɣ֮Ҳͣ⡢֮ѡҲ˰֮ޣ֮︳Ҳ׻ȡʿʯ·Ҳ(33)ɴ˿֪̫ѡȡ˵ĽΪƵžνġַĽͣžĹֻڿʱڣȵ֮󣬡µĺ⡣תҪΪžһʶǾҲΪÿߵƺ;(34)ĳˣصĳķơٿӵΪΪӱȻˣΪ֮Ϊ֮һΥܳķƣ鶼ԻָܴƶΪĿġɴžᶨţ֮ʱΪ֮˾ɣʥѧԽжʧ׹Ϊѧܳʿʧ׹(35)žʶδͳӰ졣Ժ佨Ϊѵ˴ʱָΪˣĴ£رƶȻеϰ(36)ʶγž˼бصһ档ȻʵҪ뷨޳ʶ£ֲòԣ˲˷º⣬Ǿԡȡ֮ζ֮(37)ȥǰᾭ⡣

    ǰᵽѧɵĵӶ߶֪ʦģԹ˹ŷΪǷǱ׼ĵľ֪ۣ޿͹ԭѭԡ֪˵չʮͺڣΥ̵ˡžᳫرƣΪ۵֪ṩһ͹۶ѭı׼ɴ˻žԷεᳫ֣Եʱ֪˵׶ġ

    ž˼пɱķΧСʵʱǿȴֵעġ

    µڣһһһһߣµ꣬ϲ̸׷ࡢ̷ڶεξְΪ䣬ֻһ֮ѡ˵־ھ־ھ(38)µҲǾжѧߣ˵ʿʵ飬Եã˿˼Ѷ˵Եãԣ֮֮ʱƶѡ(39)˵µעء֮֮⣬ҲʱƵء

    µΪۡԡ¡ʱı仯仯˵֮Է֮ԣ֮·֮£ǧ(40)Ҫڵ⣬ͷȳʶڵĻʱҪɡ˵߹ͨ񡱣á˵ªʱǡ(41)

    ڷµķ̬ȣžĵڶַĺơ˵ೣ䣬ʥ֮ڲ꣬£ִͨ壬κϹ£ǺǺ(42)

    fһĩһŵӣжšѧߵɨ֮ۻԼбȡһƬǬã˽¡(43)עԵľҲӶѧϰԡգﲻ١(44)⣬͵̵ѧ˵ϣ÷֤(45)ǣԶ̡סĳ̬ȣȴ(46)

    ·棬žµڵƣӶԱƶȵѧϰ˵ӹϰΪҪһ֮ܶӡ(47)ӱ⣬ҲᳫҪ˵ƣ񲻿壻䲻Է𡣡Ǽӣ˹ԶҲĿӣ˹ǧǣϸУҲ㡣̸֮ްߣС˶޼ɵ߶ڴգ(48)ȻᳫԵʱΥ̵ġ

    Ԭƣһġһߣܵӣ˵Ϊ˵Լ֮СʶԱʾѧ˿ʥ˵ŵԵʱĹףǡ顱ıӡ뷢Уʹ֮ײ㣬ԼΪԼ(49)ǵʱеһ飬רԼΪļ¼ԤȶõΪ׼ռԼĹĹȻܼƽԼŬƴδ

    ²ǮˣȻЩ񡱵ǷǻǮ˵ġҲһЩرΪûǮƵģһȻ¡ԬڡƪָҪǡǫ顱Ʒ£ƷǲҪκλѵġϼ񡱡Ǯ񡱶ֵġƷµĿ෴ӳŴƶ޵ƽȾ(50)

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    ƶԼ޿ߵԮȼãԳѧߵľǽĩйѾﵽʱѿ׶ε˵ôԬƵ쵼Ĵ˶һĳ̶ֳϣ˻һЩʱ巢չ⡣⣬ձѧ߾ƾҷоݲ˵Ĺҵ׼棬Ҳʱķչ(52)

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    ܳɣһ婖һһܳɳѧɣᳫ˵ͷھϣٷ⽮ͷڰϣˮ£뽲ĥ壬ͷϣӲҲ(53)ڻְʱŽӣĥ֮첻̸֮ƣ֮ﲻ(54)

    Ԫһ꣬ܳʳɼȸԺѧ֮࣬ѧڹµĲ룬ϣ۵ӰΡѧ۶˵༽ִŶҩ֮Ҳ¾ڶ֣ηɡ(55)

    ܳɾ˼ɫ֪λ½ʥ;λߡΪǸƫȫܴͬĲΪǷǵı׼(56)ֻʥ˵ΪػȻǷǲǷǱ׼˵֮һģȻ֮Ҳ֮ҲȻȫ֮߼ΣΩʥ˶ӡ(57)ȻǶ֪˵Ȼʥ˵ǷǲܴǷǣôʥ˻ʥ˵ľ䣬ȻͱѧϰȡĶˡڶֻԼУ֣𾭵šԼ˵ƺΣҲӱӱ飬ʾά̡ģΪ˳Ҳѧ߳ܶһֱһ֣һһ䣬֮ӡ֤վ½ѭѭѡ(58)

    ֮رʥţԭӦѧɵйءѧš޶Ϊ֪ʶȻԲһЩɽũŻʾͬʱҲԲһЩΪࡣԵܳɸߺʥͬʱҲ޶Ϊ֪ţΪɱѧָ˵ߡΪΪڣΪԵԲٳΪ׽ʡΪ𾳣ϻǨΪֻأѧϴΪ׼ƽΪӡԲͨߡΪԣϮΪӹȻΪһ壬ѰֱΪ£ίǨΪ޿޲ɣԲ޼ΪѹΪʥأ޳Ϊӡ(59)

    һһҲžѧߡ˵֮񣬴֮Զʿ֮ʵҲ֮ϣ²Ϊ֮Զ±Ϊ񣬴ʿʵҲʵʵ£ؼ⡢档䲻Ȼߣ԰׾֮֮ڹۼ֮£Ҳգ(60)

    ⣬Ҳʥ͵ĵλѧϰʥ͵ĳɷ˵ѧʲޱ𷨣ֻʥͳɷʥ֮У֮ӡ(61)Ҳѧĩݵ׶ġ˵ʳΪ֮ѧ֮˵оΪѰī̸Բ˵ͨ޼ɵ֮ӹ(62)ȻȡʥͣԲѳķΧΪ֪֮ͽභΪż֪֮ӡ(63)Զ׼֪ܳʥǷǱ׼ĽʱڣȻ֪˵ӰڣҵĶԣѽΪʥ;Ȩȡ

    

    Ƕ֮Ӱѧ壬С֮ơͬ־ֵ̫߿ɽӵ㡢ݡɽɽʡ¼ͬ־ǧʮ(64)

    ּ붫ϣžҲ߳𾭸š½ǵġԡ䴴ʼ˵˥ʿӲͨĿҸ˾ò¾ز֪˲£͵ڴˡߣߣȵ¡ķʿ˸ѧʹߣΪãԻ硣˴Ի㵸ͣʥ飬Υϳˣ漺α˶̣ɽýСɣȲ½֮иһΪ˾ҪԼá(65)ֿ֪֮˸ѧĿľΪ˾ߣ˴㣬ӳƷӡ

    

    Լ븴ͬڳ꣨һţ(66)༭ıࡷ˾ظߵģָԨԴ˵ͬ־µ־ʷŽΪĲ߼ңʷ߱ͨʵרֲΣ֮һʮѧسɣͬ־˵Ƽ霹ӡľΪ֮Ӣչֱۣһ˼ĲҲ⵱˼͹ʷνʶȾáΨΨȺҪıࡷ(67)Ŀ֪粻žһžʷŽĲΡ

    ıࡷݰָ֡йصۣνĳ֮ԣԶ֮˵ⷽΪֱɾֻռȫƪһС֡µĲ֣Ϊͬƣ˸ʦƪ϶(68)⣬һƪҲ򵥽ȫ˵賢˹࣬һũ֮ӡǷ֮±ɡ(69)

    ༭ıࡷҪΪ˽ʱҰȱ˲ģӦūܽڧI(70)⡣Щ˰취ΪӦڱĵƶȥѰ߼žڿȡ֪µ̬ȣ˵ȥҵĴʣȡָ֮䣬žʱܴðƽҵʡ(71)

    ΪʲôҪرǿжĵƶأǻžͬġѴ֮ģѴ֮¡ġʶ(72)ʱˡ׶־ѧۡȵ£ĩѣùԷΪˡδͨ񡱵ë(73)ᳫо¡(74)Ҫʱ⣬Ⱦͨ񣬶ͨ;һоƶȵıǨΣһ̽ԱǨԭһʶִҪȻͱƶȵķΧڣѰ󲹾ȵİ취(75)

    ۺϴھ˼ʣ֪ĵλ½ʥ;Ȩս֮⣬ǹʵӱƵġڼչԭڸеľ̬ȣγѧеĹͬ

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    ν˼еġʡΪϣڹΪĿġĵĹػϣҲָʵʹĴ¶ԡɾĿ;˰ӹ¡Ṥ֮⣬ͬʱҲڡ

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    һ˼ʣǡʢСѧ߷ǹŷǽǵ˼УʵıĹǱķΧȴֻڱķ֮ڡ˴˸ĸĳ̶ȡ

    ǿˣڹ˫ĳ弤£˵һЩӦ;ֶ˵еЧеעطƵ٣еᳫ̵£ҲеĴṤǵΪݣֻ֪ԺҲƣʥ;ߺԮ

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    Takehiko Okada, "Wang Chi and the Rise of Existentialism", in Self and Society in Ming Thought, P.121.

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    (11)ܣɽ¼Ϫȫһҳһġ

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    (13)޺ȣ򣬡ļġ

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    (24)Wm. Theodore de Bary, "Individualism and Humanitarianism in Late Ming Thought", in Self and Society in Ming Thought, pp. 183185.

    (25)ͬ(24)ҳһο˼ʷҳġ塣

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    (31)(32)(33)(37)δԳ̲ߡУҹȫ

    (34)Robert Crawford, "Chang Ch-cheng's Confucian Legalism", in Self and Society in Ming Thought, p. 380.

    (36)Ray Huang, "Ni Yan-l: Realism in a Neo-Confucian Scholar-Statesman", in Self and Society in Ming Thought, p. 421.

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    (49)Tadao Sakai, "Confucianism and Popular Educational Works", in Self and Society in Ming Thought, pp. 341346.

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    游Ȱ븴羭ţȻ̵ӡȴûзЧԾ뵱ʱһп⣬µĲע㡢¶ѡ(16)ݹ׷䵱ʱ˵Σʿʫƣ֪֮壬ֹΪ֮ʡ(17)ȻֲĹµ̬ȣڳʮ(һ)Ͼں󣬿ʼת䡣ı룺һǡ¿顱һǡ־ڡ¿顱ָεת˵îǱ˶飬Ĺ֮ݣܾ֮ʮһʷԼ¿־飬һļĲ֮࣬еü¼ʮһΪߵ֮ǣһΪ֮顣(18)ȻĻתڿʧƶ񻯵˫£༤ɵġ

    ƵĶ񻯣ԹµĹҲռ˱γɸŵľʱȺƪʱĽ飬ǣۡۡ﹦ۡǮۡǹ侭˼Ļ֡

    侭˼Ľ

    ᡢΡѧļͥ˼Ҫѧʹۣһ򵥶ȷʵĽܡ˵

    ֮ͨѧ֮ѧѧ߽Ҳ۹ټңǧأ꿼ʧ֮ʣ֮ģ֮顣¹䣬ףԪԪ޲ϤԿʱԾν֮ͨѧ£׺꡹ʵ̸˵޵ͬͬѧѡǱĹѧžʷܱУĵ֮ʣʵ¼౨ԳڣҪһһ󣬵ĩ꣬ԣԼϣȻ֮־δ˥¹ߣԴݱȻ㼣£֪ΪͨҲ(19)

    ͸ֿ֪䲻ԾΪѧԾΪĿġھԹѧʹΪҪ㣬˼Ľں

    

    һλԹи߶θеѧߡʹĩˡԣѧʶһᡱĺ֮ԣսΣ΢һֲ֪Ĺ̬(20)

    ԿԼİΪλĵѧߣƽδһ¡ɾǻڡ̫ˮ֮ġ(21)ˣ¶ģΪˡŬָ֮֮֮ߣһвΪ(22)Ҫļֵѡ(23)

    Ϊ˲ΪʥǼɳܵ¡˵֮˴ӣܶ¶ʳƥƥ֮󡣡Ϊģ롰ùššͬΪѧʥȱٵıҪ˵ʿԳܣΪޱ֮ˣǺùŶţΪ֮ѧޱ֮ˣ֮ѧմʥ˶ȥ֮Զ(24)Ϊ˴ﵽʥ˵Ŀģϣ˶ΪΣҲҪо뷨Ҫвжѣ֮ѧҲ֮ģвҷ֮£֪֮֮ڴˣ˼Ծ֮(25)

    ʵθлķʽԼ֣һһְٰһҵַʽָĩʱڵ뷨ڶǰѾİ취дԤԺ˲áΪַʽǿտ˵׻Ҳǡ¡һ֡ٿɾ˵

    ֮ɾ̫ˮ֮ģ֮ע㡢ľߣԲҲԻ֮ԣ¡򡶴֮ɶѣν֮ߣº֮飬ν֮ԶҲ(26)

    ġѧ顷롶֪¼ַʽı֡˵ĳʮԺ־ʷѧáΪƪþ֪֮¼ƪƪεƪţʮ𣬽Լ£˹ι֮¡(27)

    ʵθеĵַʽǰԼľṩʱλˣǵȥɡַʽԾٳ֤һӴԼڿʮ(һ߾)дŸٵԪ(һġһһ)˽峯٣ӦҵĵΪԭ֮⣬͢İ취ͬʱҲһЩʱطϵԼԤİ취˵

    νߣԵ¾ֹ˹ԣݼں˥ʩӡԾ׵ֶŽԵ꣬¤ϿƽԺģΪ֮ͬˣóδߣΪٽ֮СΪߣԳһˣһ͢ٹ٣ԼΪһ壬䱾ٺ»һ鸽ӣȰ(28)

    һдԪĵϣѵʱµΣó֪͢˵һ֮ǣ֮ϻδ֮ϤҲ(29)Ԫ˳ʮ꣨һţ״Ԫѧʿʱøʷļ޹дŸȻϣԪĵӰʵľĿģԼӢ۵ĵλ

    ڶӴԼڿʮ꣨һһ֮鼻ŵĵطڹ¸ʵùٲ֣ʳԱƲʱ֮衣бֳǿҵľ˵ľ˵

    ܣΣ䳼֮ٶְ˹Ϳ̿Ϊ̫ƽᱲ֮ҲΪΣѣһΣ˼ҡʹɳţڴѲν޳ߴ֮ȵΪ¶ŹҲָҵְ(30)

    ˵

    һԿԻǧ֮Īء¤ߣ֮ڹӡ֮׼һ䱾ɫ֮ٲ֣Ʋ֮ʱ֮˾ũ֮Ҳʡ֮һ֮㣬ʮ֮࣬ʼ֮У֮̿¡ȻνȼߣҲռ֮ծȨҪÿһʯ֧ºˮĪڴˡؽ˵Դ֮߳(31)

    ʵŵķʽУһֳһȱĩ⣬Ժ󣬹û˵Ĵ㣬ڶַʽϡҪ˵ԭ򣬱صʶԡҡֵ̬ȡҪ˵ΪӦ֡ҡһǶԹҵңҪǽھιϵϵġһǶĻͳйңǽй˵ĹͬĻϵġһˣܹһ壬³ԼĹҾҡɲ쳯ֳ徫񣬹Ϊ֧ĻʯԹȻˣĻ()ȴܼȥ˵ÿ˶ҵ£˾ڶңȻȻҲͻԼĹҡɴ˿֮䣬໥ΪõĹϵ½ӣ˵֮ķֱ໥Ĺ

    ¡ɱ棿Իոĺν֮ʳˣ˽ʳν֮¡κ̸֮£νī֮ʹ޸޾Ҳ(32)

    ˵

    ֮ɱڽ۸֮ʱɽμ֮ˡʱ˽ţǲ͡ν֮ԻΪ˼֮ӡʱϢ˺һʱΪԡ֪˽̣¶޸Ҳ֮ڽҲ丸Ǿδʮ֮䣬Ϊ޸֮Ѿӡʼ֮ƫ¡ɽߣΪа˵֮ʹ֮ͣҷ֮踶ˡа֮˵ʹνΪңνΪҶҲιʳʯգGоƣԶߺǹ֪Ȼ֪ߣ䳼ʳı֮ߣƥ֮ɶ(33)ڹ뷨ܲûоڹҵΣ򸸳δ·ǾĲҡТ벻ΪӰҲҡҡ׹ˡ

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    ĻȹٵļѡٵĹǱĵ֮ǰʹ䲻лĻѾйڰ䲼һ귢¹ڵЩƺвлĻ档ǰΣĻӦǡĵ֮ʧй֮ĺΪй˲Աšзбӡ̬ȣ˵йϷͳߡΪܲĵӾй󣬶ѳ֮ͷѵʱй˰۹Զһ㣬ڱڼҵͳȴָһյĵ˵е֮ʱл޲֮գ֮֮ضڵĺ(35)ڹĹУʱȵĹĪлĻıˡɴۣڲѵ£пܻΪ˶ĻΣʱſԹҵεġ

    ߣ䲻й˼ءй֮ͬʱҲǶĻ֮飬ԼǿǶлĻθСТĽͣΪĿġ˵ﲻ游ТҲ˲Ҳ(36)ӹļĻԵ¾ԼЩƺƻ򷢶һĻԿͳεĶöȻҵͳתơȡй˶ʵ۸˵ҡ˵ɹĻ˶ǾǿĿĵġ

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    һλɫʵѧߡйƶԼճе¹ǼģϺлҪģûѧϰıҪˣΪй֮ˣЧȮ֮ԱۣҸʷʵÿйЧϰʱһҴѡʿΪúˡԪУصǼκʯжԺĵݻƳԪ챦ʱڣΪʿŮúñر𰮺ɹģа»ɽķѡӢԺñϰкƣԹݣϰѧףӧᣬⶥͺ䡱Сɶ֮ѡ(38)ۿ֪ᳫĻ˶Ȳϣ˺Ҳϣ˺

    ۵ǹҵĿڿʵΡԺ󣬹Ϊĸǰġġʼûг٣һһǽΡ£۹峯ҪԭΪ˶ĸ׾ТǶҡǳעТТȫʱѡТҡԪ꣨һģɽ£ط׷ܣȴΪʮĸףܾӵ츽¡ûвμӱɽĿսݹ׷ǵʱ˵

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    һ˳꣨һƽʹټ䣬ĸɥδûӦ(40)˵ˣڹΣѵʱ򣬹ТΪأѹҵĴʱڴҪĵλԹѡڵʱδ˱ʾȻǵʱйܵġ

    ֮λʼžѧߣȫĹϣȻΪĸû峯ľţȴ뽨鵱Ȩѱ

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    Ϊʥѧ˵Ϊԭ򣬶Ҳп̸룬Ŵϡ˵

    䣨ָʥˣ֮飬ΪҷƷףѱºƽ֮ã̸߲(41)

    ˵

    һʫ̡ޡڳ򡢼֮ģν֮ԶԴʡ御֮˵ع֮֮ڿ֮(42)ʾԼѧ̬ȾǱԭ˵֮Ϊѧˡ(43)Ϊ˼ᶨԼԴ̬ȵģڷһƣǱʾΪֵľġڸѵ˵

    ʷÿӵԻʿʶΪȣһΪˣӡһԣӦ֣ʶҲңԾ룬в֪аֽνΪ֮ʶаΪѴֹ֮Ϊһһ֮£޹ھ֮Ҳ(44)

    ЩǾأָĸΧһǷʥ˵ĵǼ£Ƿӳ⣬ǱΪЩ¶µģԽԽá˵

    ֮ɾؼߣԻҲҲҲֵ֮Ҳ£ڽһƪһƪ֮ӡ֮£޻֮ԣϮ֮֮ģڼˣһƪһƪ֮ʧ(45)

    ʮѪɵġ֪¼ĸΧľ֡ȫ־ε(46)Ŀڡѧġ̫ƽ(47)

    ڹ֪Χţ鱾֪ʶķΧ˵ΪҪ뾭һ֪ͨ񡣹ҴѧУΪ˽ѧ֮֮ͨ񡱣ȡʿ֮Ծ塢ۡߡСĿģǲѧǷѾּ֮֮ͨˡĩֻ֪ʱġ˹ɣŪáʿʿٲɹ١ɽ¡峵ö֮йöʤ֮(48)

    ǳӶʷΪʷ˽Ž÷˲֮ȱΪᳫʷԵʡ˵

    ԺƽԪնɱ֮ظ꣬˵üʱȡʿһʷʷֽ֮ͣϡ֮ʿǺ֪˾Ǩ֮ʷǡ֮顷ɱ֮顷֮⾤֮ƴ֮γࡷԵʱڻҪ֮࣬϶ʿ֮δֹʵ¼֮ٲ̫Һأڻʷkڳ֮Ԥ޽ԲüҰʷҴԹ֮ʿǺ֪ǣԷ֮ʥڽѧ޴ӣѧ޴Ҳߺ(49)

    ڹ俴ʷǡ顷ʷʥҲʷ١ʫ롶Ϊ͡ʷ˵

    ʫ̡֮֮£ģҲߣʢ֮Ը³̣֮ѡ֮֮ߣ³ν֮Ҳν³֮Ϊ̣ǲȻ³ν̣֮Ӱòν̺֮Ϊ²Ҳ鹫齼Eͬ塣ԻʷҲȻΪʥо֮˽Ĵʥ(50)

    伫ҹŴʥȻߺѧʶ(51)ʵϵ֪ΧȴҵķšҾоԲοӰټҵ˵Ųο鼮֮ŶӰټңΪоǱΪĵĿġ˵

    вƪϼԾĶʥ֮̾ΨֲҲھͽΪԻѧҲν֮˶(52)

    һζŨۡΪκβʦ˵¾Ϊݵľ⣬ǡ񡱣ҡĸԴ(53)

    ֪棬ȱݲľ񣬶һкǿҵԡĿе˼룬Ҫǵ̡䲻ܾҵѧ˵ҪѾ͸˼еһЩ͵ɷҲӳΪ͵ǲרг˵˼롣ʷʵ֤˵ʯһ̸̸֪֪֮֮֮ǰߣ̸̸֮ׯ̸̸֮ϡδ侫֣δ䱾ȴĩϰ֮ġ֮䡢۵֮񣬾ٷѧ֮һвʣԻһᡢԻԡļ֮ԣ޼֮ʵѧŶ»ģצĹҡݵ档ԣԱӹΪʯɱ˶Իغ䲻ˣ渡飬¾Կ£̿ɲա(54)˵ġ̸̸֮ϡָѧ˵ġĻ˵͵ҶĩѧĻӰ˵

    Բٸ꣬ϣǻٳ졣Ωϻ֮ǾʵΪգԿΪʵΪԼ͸Ϊ׸ࡣԷԸΪ棬ԵɨǷΪȡߴʥԣȡʥпǿ̡ͬΪwֲ¡ڿѧΪç(55)

    Ϊ˳ײϵĶ˼룬رӡԡѧ͹ΪѧһʼγνѧʵϾѧҺ޹ϵڡֻھ뿪˾ѰѧѧĹϵ˵

    ޶Ϊѧ֮ʼ֮νѧѧҲʮ겻ͨҲԻ֮ڡûӡ֮νѧѧҲȡ֮徭֮¼У֮ĶҲԻʥ¼Ҳʥ֮¼ں壬֮ν֪(56)

    ȻǸʥѧϰɣôʥѧأΪӵĽ̷ǡмгܡӽڡȥ͡ܡȡ֮䡱ȥ(57)Ȼǽʵ¹淶Уķ䲻ѧھһķΧСΪһ棬˵ȻĴڡȻĺӣɴԡѧ֪һʵĽֳ˵

    ֪ߣֹ֪Ҳֹ֪ߺΣΪ˾ֹʣΪ˳ֹھΪֹТΪ˸ֹڴȣ˽ֹţ֮νֹֹ֪Ȼν֪֮ӹ֮٣ǧ֮ν

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    ʣԷԻСǰĪ֮ȡˮ֮Ժھ֮ʣֻһһ񣿡Իñֻһ֪ʮˣͨ(60)

    ʣ֮ĶΣԻ֮飬һȻһһľǲ졣(61)

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    ѸȫΪϵĺ򣬶û˿оľ(64)̬ȣһֱʮͣת𽥻ָһЩ֪Ȥũȫ飬ϼ͵ĵ̽⣬ԼӦǶԹҵ켼ļأȤı֡ƵӰ£Щѧ߶ԡĽҲ˱仯緽ǽΪ˵

    ӯؼҲԢԢ޷ҲһҲʥ԰ģҲһҲһҲͨأһҲƶڲ֪תԿ֪֮Է֪һʵ֮ҲỴ֮̈Իͨʣʵ֮ԪᣬСľ䣬飬ö䳣䣬Իʲ⡣ʲ⼴ͨҲ(65)

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    빫Ϊʲ֮ѧѧ˼֮ʵǸߣΩʲΪ֮ۿڡɽһ֮ǸҲ(66)

    ϧ֪ȤʦĹᳫµ£δܼ

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    䲻ų͵ųѧϰõĴʾҲҪãǳҵһŲȡԡáֵĿΪʥѾʹùˣ˵öּȾ֮У֮κԡڵ䡱ֵĿΪĩʼд˼ǡͶ塱ĿĽˡšʾáʿ֮ڡ(67)

    Щ֪Χ⣬ʣµǸСȦ䵹һλųѧɵѧߡԶ˵ѧϰҸɵע衣ԡȱͬӡѧ̬ȣԶһҵΪһͨ·ˡƳӱֹ壬༭ȫкͨġ˵

    ߣ֮徭ʿԼҷڣסʩϡ񡢾ϣ顷ŷСĺʫ롢³ë񡷴Сϡգרһ֮ѧ£вѧ֮ʿͨʱžѧ٣ӱֹΪ֮壬Ҳų˵һۣ֮֮ͨ·ӡꡢʮ֮ƾ񣬡ס̡촫壬顷ϴʫӼùע衣ϡ򡢹ϡǢǡע裬̲һҡУ뼭ȫڳ̴ȥ֮Ŵľ֮ע裬ǰСע֮ڴע߲¼֮һʹʿ޲ԴȫΪҵ֮ͨ·(68)

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    ԳʮԺ󣬼ԾΪΣŶ֪ԣӦΪĿеҪǶĻңǶԹҡȫڶĻıĽϣȴָһյĵ

    ᳫѧжʷȻժ侫ΪݡΪһѧߵҪǲȡ˵ľʷ壬ʺʱҪʽȥӦʵ⡣

    ѧ֪ķΧзǳϸơԭʼҵĵ伮Ϊ˼ͳЩ伮Ľͣʦ˵¾ΪݣԴ˵ųϴˢ˼͡Լѧĳɷ֡ע˼֣ȻȤ

    £ͤסơסһġ

    ڹ䣬˶״ͤ༯ơ༯ҳһһ

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    θ飬ļģҳ˩һ

    ˶״༯ҳһߩ

    ͬᣬҳһ߶һ

    (11)򣬡༯ҳһ

    (12)ͬ(11)ҳһһ

    (13)飬ļҳһġ

    (14)סһҳߡ

    (15)༯ҳһ

    (16)סҳġУǰʿ֮ע㡢¶ѡ

    (17)༯ҳһ

    (18)¿򣬡ļҳһߡ

    (19)磬֪¼ء֪¼͡

    (20)(51)(57)ѧ飬ļҳ

    (21)(23)ļģҳ

    (22)(26)ļģҳ塣

    (24)ѧ飬ļҳġ

    (25)˴θ༯ҳһ

    (27)(46)ʮ壬ļģҳһ

    (28)빫飬ļҳš

    (29)飬ļҳһ塣

    (30)(31)뼻ŵ飬ļҳ

    (32)(33)ʼ֪¼һߣҳ߾š

    (34)ٲӾ֪¼ţҳһ

    (35)ĵкĵң֪¼ţҳһ

    (36)ʫ򣬡ļҳˡš

    (37)֣֪¼ţҳ婖

    (38)֪¼ţҳ˶ġ˶

    (39)¾Ĺ־༯ҳһߡһˣοסһҳһһߡ

    (40) Willard J. Peterson, "The Life of Ku Yen-wu (1613-1682)" Part I. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 28 (1968)

    (41)(42)(43)ѧ飬ļҳһĶ

    (44)ʮˣļģҳһ

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    (47)֪¼򣬡ļҳš

    (48)ԱԱУļһҳġ塣

    (49)ʷ֪¼ҳһˡ

    (50)³̣֪¼ҳ˩

    (52)(53)α飬֪¼ҳ塪ߡ

    (54)֪֮¼ţҳһ

    (55)ƳԼ֪¼ҳġ

    (56)ʩɽ飬ļҳ

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    1840-1895

    

    дƪĿģһĳЩѧ߶ĩǿ˶壬ֵĴһǿݵķ˼뷽ȥ˽йִʱڷչ̬ʽԡ

    ĹĽڣһɺйִ̬ʽĽǴʱ֪ʶڹϵݱ䡣

    ȡģԽӢս֪֮ʶӵΪżΪ˵ĳ˼ԼԺġǿһʣָǿĿ̬ȶԡþ⡢ķҰϵԵʱ˵ۣĿڽ֪̽ʶӹġһ򡱡ߣйִΪּ֪ʶӵ̬ΪԶʷʵἰ

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    ǿŵݣص㣺һǶڵģνΣһǶģνεĿǶΡȵٶԣΪЩ׶йʷϾķȻҲԾʷоݵĴͳƽ֮ΪڶŲһΪʱӢΪĻߣȻͷԶıҪЩ䲻ĻлȴȻΪȷпѧ֮ߣšǽΪĿģѧϰ󳤼ΪֶΡ

    ڵʱ֪ʶǿУռıأźܴĲ졣ְбĹ鲢һΪǿΪ֮Ρڼ⡣ΪǿΪΪĩȻʱƣص񡣷ΪΪĩȻ۸ݣǰͬ

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    ǵʱüƺֳ֮ɳһּ֪άΪΡΪʱѧ޷עڴˢ١

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    ڸбʾҪ˵ֻǿǿеġ˵

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    ɽγƽȨǱΡԪ(һһ)£һ̸бʾ֮壬ʩйᡣɽַʽƽȨţڹʮ(һũ)¡һйѧʵΰ얡Ⱥľȼ˸Ĵʹâ⡣ԭл˴ʡ²ָлΪ²ָлƽȨɽںʱεص֪εѧ˵Ҳ϶Ĵ𸴣ΪһũԺεŲΪŷձһ֧ʱ𽥷չɻԾ˶ɽ߸Щ֮䣬ĿȾĻȻܶࡣһ˵ɽƽȨ˼ҪԴһӢ׶صĴӢݣBritish Museum Library)ɽ׶رѺ(һ˾һ)еĴ󲿷ʱ䣬ڲԺڣԺпʱӴʱӢейغε£ԼһԴɽձѹءεѧ˵Ӱ־ʱձ⡣һũһڶ֯ظȨͬ־ᣬᳫؾУҿӡؾ֮䡱šصĵܵ˵ɽƽȨܵصӰ(11)صŲӰɽͬ˻ԱѧҲһӰ졣ͬ˻Ļؿ񱨡ϣǰ󷢱ƪ£һƪǡظȨͬ־顱ڶƪñѲġŷ˶֮༰ۡ(12)ĽԷεعΪּһũʮգֽ֮Ȩһ飬͸ͬ˻ԱνʡµľνʵռдúϸȻԭĽϳΪ˷ӳʱ˼뻷ǰ¼£

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    ʮ()硣ϰʱԡ֮ȨһԽ֥ͬö־ʿԥ륹ȥJosef Pilsudski)֮繦αϣ񱨡磬֥֥Ŵ⣬ʱڡã˥ԥ륹ȥƣ֮²ɴһ֣רεĸزܻɣרĸزܻɡض߾㵽Ȼ֮ȨɵãĿĿɴҲƣϵרģȻ֮ҲԲҲ(13)

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    ߡ

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    ֮ˣϡԻƶˡйδ֮ѧ֮¸Ҳ(19)

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    ʹԹΪɾٹ٣ν˿ɣδ̡ԹΪ֮٣Ȼƶ־ٲ֮ˣɫ֮һΪ֪(27)

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    Ȼռ⽥Ϣ㽵Ǯ֮ȨɷƣԻͨоٹ֮޾ٹ֮ʵҹ·飬ΪռΩ޽֮б֮(28)

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    ¼Ҷḥϸǳ֮ν˱ɣ磬֮磬ܹ(32)

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    (11)ܣййִʷԿҳˡţHarold Shiffrin, "Sun Yat-sen's Early Land Policy: The Origin and Meaning of 'Equalization of Land Right'", Journal of Asian Studies, 16. 549-564; Martin Bernal, "Triumph of Anarchism Over Marxism, 1906-1907", in China in Revolution: The First Phase 1900-1913. p. 103-105

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    Сѧо湱ǡīӡΪ½̵ġīӡ֣޲ɶУȫƪ(12)жīӵойŴѧʶΪġīΪ֮һΪЩѧɶܹʧԺľʱѧ塣ʱɶйŸƵİ취ΨīƷδйԸߡ˵

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    ִʷĹ۵īӷԭΪԽ֮֮δӡԵ֮³֮Ҳī֮Ҳλֻͬʤƽ҇ʵɵúǹī֮ܿӣ֮īҲڲΪıӡҿ֮ܺ飬īīԾ١(14)Ծʷʵ˵ڵʱĵλûر𱰵𡣲ӦΪī壬ͷīӣοǵŶǶԹ洦أ

    īӵľʱţԱǧΪ˵ԩ˵

    ī֮ѧԻһң֮ͬƶ֮ý᣻ϲϣַ֮Ƨ֮¹֮꣬氮ǹ(15)

    ˵

    ֮ۡۡΪζʢ֮¡ī֮ᡱ֡Ծ˥֮ף෴Ҳ氮ī֮һˣȻνߣأŰ֮ҲΪƸʵ֮֮ߣգԼ氮֮ߣʹТףν֮޸˹ѹӣ(16)

    Ϊīӳ֮ɥΪŮ֮ڵҢ˴塢ֹã֮֮ڡ֮ɣʫνɥ֮֮Ҳھ֮УΩ֮࿹ӣԷȡ(17)

    īӣʵѧ缫߸ԵΪӹָīӡ氮޸ҲҲ֮(18)˶ٽӽīøǲ˵ī֮꺫֮īΪңʣīӼ氮塣ī֮ྭӱ֮Ҳ(19)˵īӰ޲ȡףˣ޸޸޾˵޶ѡ(20)Եеġīһ⵽ָ⡣һλڱеλѧ̷٣дУ˵ˣΪ˵˵ġ氮޸仰ԩīӡҪ󿪳еѧһһīСñӡ̷˵

    ԱߣȻΪī׫īӣҸ֮ԡ氮޸Ϊīӣ֮ˣҲī֮ԣʱԱ¶̷ӣߣ۽ʯĸǢѧʿҲ׫塣Դ׼ɣ֮ԻԱԵݸڳԻīСӦƽҲ(21)

    ̷ٵΪīѧĸ˵˺ܺõĻʱѧ߱䡢ܡ¬ďȶΪīӶԭ򣬹ȻΪ˷ѧīֻ̬ţҲǵľ񰵺ϡεԺīӽѧһīĩǿ䷨ʱݵĽɫɰīӱΪйŴĴѧң䷨ɰҮһƽȲľ߿԰Ƕ˽һЩѧ˶ˡѧƳīӲʹԼڹŴĻƽҪʵϣʵīӵ롣

    Сӿ졷һƪƵӡ˸ɡǧԡӣǿԺ(22)пӵͬʱǮԡǧԡΪʱľ֮˵

    ǧԡ֮Ҳ̣ܵڳǿ֪֮ʧߣ֮Ի콫֮Դ֮Իηκ֮һƪ֮Уɡ̫ʷ꺫҇ٶԭڵ֮⣬Զӣ򺫷н֮ƪر֮ԣϣʵʧּ֮ᡶʷǡνΪ꺫Ȼ֮ʤʤߵʾ֮ͣѵ֮ɼ徻ӣԾ˥֮ҲܲΪ࣬ĵΪеúȥȥȥ̩֮⣬İ֮֮ԣգ˵ߣʮң֮飬ڵ֮ģܱ΢(23)

    Ǯ꿴ʱӣīһ

    йѧоĿ֮һҪŴӦõʱʵʵϡ仰˵ʱʶĻȥѧġýġһƪй涨ýְԭµĽ͡ýع˾ͽһְ٣רŸȫŮ޵¡涨˵д֮£ŮʱҲ߲޹ʶ߷֮еĽͣ˾ᣬѵҲӶʮڣΪ֮Ůʮޣ֮ýʮȡŮʮޣν伫಻ǹҲŮԳϣýϽɡǕrӋ֮֮Կ֪Ҳʮȡʮޣб߲ɣǽҲ֮ԳʹʱȡҲͽַ֮֮Ի޹ʶ߷֮ߣýʮȡŮӶʮ֮Ҳйʣ䲻Ҳ(24)͸ýĵעͣŮӡϣܸʹϵŮһʱڵõޡΪһʢ˥ԴϷӳ١ʫΪܳǿʢʱСز÷ʫƪ棬Сѡ롰֮ʫƪ(25)

    һˡһľţżΪΪʡһƪԱ֤Ϊƶ(26)еͬѧѭʱơ(27)еѧ¬ďҲݹ鲵帾˵Ϊ˵š׫ʵƲ֮ߣ(28)¬˶ԸţƺΪǸŮڼͥеλʶķ

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    ԻɱңмգŮ֮ĸ֮Σ

    Իʹ˵֮ĸŮ֮ʹ˵ɥƸĸɥĸĸڣƲĸᣬ֮ŮԻĳ֮иĸ֮ɥΪֵܣʹĳŮŵޣҲɥŮ֮ĸʹ룬ȡ֮ҲŮ֮ĸ֮(29)

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    Ϊ򸾵ĹϵʼԹϵĽȻз򸾵֣ȻŮžгΪзĸϱŮڽĵڶаݼзĸǣ˵ϱϵĿʼͬĵ˸׵ӣžӼĸԼĸĸӵӻǣȻҲзĸϱû׵ӣȻҲǶӵļĸɴۣŮ֮ˣŮԵңĸĸΪ󣬶ٸļޣ񲻺ϵ(31)ΪȻϾ͸þԽֹ˵

    иĸ̲֮֮ҲǹŮ֮ĸ֮ĸöֹ֮ĸ֮ĸ֮֮˾֮ʿӵöֹ֮(32)

    нáȨ֧ԼĸĸۣԱﵽʱ˼ϰߣǴмаʽĸĸɫʵġͬѧѭͬеĸĸ﷽ʽΪǷǲܹɸĸ㹻ֵ׵ǵӦʵŸĸӦʺʵҪΪ׼ǰ£ʱҲһӦ÷Ե(33)˵κ۵ļֵ׼ıǵʵüֵϡȻѭṩе˼뷽ʽ֮һ͡

    ѧоԴڶѧķԭʼҵȤʷЭ£ѧѧ߲ͻ˴ͳҵСΧһ̶ϣʷĹʼչʹԵľѧȨнѳ

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    ۢͨѧšҳ塣

    ݰӣǱļߣҳһοʮի¼һҳһһ϶

    ޼򣬡ѧƪҳġ塣

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    ѧƽ壬ѧšҳһġ

    ˴գѧǡҳŶ

    ܹģѧƪҳšһ

    (11)(14)ͬ⣬ϴɡҳ塣

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    (24)(25)ѧƪһҳһһ

    (26)ͬ(24)ҳһһġ

    (27)ѭԼҳ˰ˡ

    (28)¬ďļһҳ

    (29)(30)(31)(32)ѧƪһҳһġ

    (33)Լˣҳһһһһһһˣҳģοѭ˵Ȩ

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