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    ΣHenry George, 18391897ʮͺڵĸߡСƶ("Progress and Povertyһ顣۱ͨŵĴʣʹ䵥һ˰Single tax룬Ӱ˵ʱӢ뾭ߣҳΪһ֧ʱ

    ѧ˵֮йȥһ꣬ҲʮꡣһλڻӢҽ֣W. E. Macklin)εѧ˵дһƪСԵ֮£ڹѧĻسϡָҲƸĺԴڵضǮҲڷҲֲ֮ɵԼ֮˿Ҳڵ⡣شС۳߽ԱʵʩĲ裬֮ǡɾֲ֮ȫ塣Դˡ񹲳֮⡱Ϊ֮á˶󣬡޴󸻣޹ƶߡ

    ƪﲢûᵽε֣ԡһĿдġȻأڵʱѧ˵ҽйսƶ

    (һ˾Ű)ڡַһƪƵ£Ϊ򡱣עӢҽʿ롱ڡƪµķֶ϶ڡϿƪص¡硰Ҹ߱桱ۡ۵鹫֮桱ԡȡʮ(һũ)ɹѧᷢебһӡˢһǧߡʮ¢ۡбĸ˵

    ()߾ӡȡ֮Ի˰֮Իߡ׿()֮⣬Ϊ縻񡣸һʱ֮񣬲縻ʳ֮񡣡顱ԻΪ̰Ի˼˰֮ҲΩƪĴʹһʱδϤšժ⣬Լ֮佻Ǯҵ£߿ϡԼϲߢ¼һʿ֤ܡ

    ʮ(һũ)ߡ淢СٰϺѧĲذ棬ϺӡݴӡҳӡӢѧ١(Outline of Political Economy)ݡͳ(һһһ)ĵϺ(The American Presbyterian Mission Press)ŰӡСӢɡѧ١Ϊԭƶ("Progress and Poverty)ߵҲָΪΣֱй鶼λߡ⣬ڵлһƪɽ¡׫дġ

    ֮⣬йᵳʼ˽(һ˰һţ)йͬ˻ɽ(һһŶ)ѧ˵֮йҲкܴĹסԳơŴ˵硱סšںʱεأ޴ӿ֤Ȼһũһũζձ顱й֣Լһһ¡֮Ρľޣʱڻ֪εѧ˵ǼпܵġЩܵĲ²֮⣬һȷ֪ģǾһһһع֮롰Ӣʿ֡ﻭ̶ɽдũᣬΪ˰鹫֮鳡ܵ˰鹫֮ѧ˵һġ巢ֹߡ⣬ڽ˽˲Уһġߡڸ·֡ĺŸëʲ֡ȻأⱾǽ֮ϳũᣬ˰鹫һ൱ĹϵлйᵳϺڰеĵ涨רεظ˰л⡣Եģ˺εһ˰Ӱ졣

    ɽγƽȨǱΡԪ(һһ)£һ̸бʾ֮壬ʩйᡣɽַʽƽȨţڹʮ(һũ)¡һйѧʵΰ얡Ⱥľȼ˸Ĵʹâ⡣ԭл˴ʡ²ָлΪ²ָлƽȨɽںʱεص֪εѧ˵Ҳ϶Ĵ𸴣ΪһũԺεŲΪŷձһ֧ʱ𽥷չɻԾ˶ɽ߸Щ֮䣬ĿȾĻȻܶࡣһ˵ɽƽȨ˼ҪԴһӢ׶صĴӢݣBritish Museum Library)ɽ׶رѺ(һ˾һ)еĴ󲿷ʱ䣬ڲԺڣԺпʱӴʱӢейغε£ԼһԴɽձѹءεѧ˵Ӱ־ʱձ⡣һũһڶ֯ظȨͬ־ᣬᳫؾУҿӡؾ֮䡱šصĵܵ˵ɽƽȨܵصӰ(11)صŲӰɽͬ˻ԱѧҲһӰ졣ͬ˻Ļؿ񱨡ϣǰ󷢱ƪ£һƪǡظȨͬ־顱ڶƪñѲġŷ˶֮༰ۡ(12)ĽԷεعΪּһũʮգֽ֮Ȩһ飬͸ͬ˻ԱνʡµľνʵռдúϸȻԭĽϳΪ˷ӳʱ˼뻷ǰ¼£

    һ(һ)硣ȪٹС˵ҺꡣֹأձҲ̸áδء

    ʮ(һ)磬ҡδ顣أ̸ã֮Ȩһ֮ƽ֮˵Ҳ

    ʮ()硣ϰʱԡ֮ȨһԽ֥ͬö־ʿԥ륹ȥJosef Pilsudski)֮繦αϣ񱨡磬֥֥Ŵ⣬ʱڡã˥ԥ륹ȥƣ֮²ɴһ֣רεĸزܻɣרĸزܻɡض߾㵽Ȼ֮ȨɵãĿĿɴҲƣϵרģȻ֮ҲԲҲ(13)

    صӰ֮⣬һλͬ˻Աɵļأɽ˺ƶ("Progress and Povertyһڡ񱨡Թνǧּʡ(14)֤ƺֿ۳ɽƽȨ˼ĵԴǾǵĶεӢԭ

    ߡ

    ѧ߽ܺʱֻĵ˰Դ˷ʱศڡߡУʶۣҪԵʱŷģرŷĹҵɵĳɹġ

    Ⱦ˵޳ݵԡﾺΪ۾ݣΪФȶﾺֲﶯΪ档ǿʳС߼Ⱦǿ˴棬߼Ϊ֮ˣ༴Ϊ֮Ҳ(15)۵еһмսҵȲ󣬶ΪʳƣԽ伢ߣ֮Ȼ֮ڸΪȣҼ߸֮ƣƶá(16)Ҫȥֻлྺһ·ˡ

    ҵѧ˵ɷһҪڡߡָʱŷΪǿᳫ̣ڡһ£н󡱡ĩʿְָǿĹܵй˵

    ʿָߣ⾫׿̩֮棬Ϊй֮·ϸдּ˹գΪȡǹ֮¸Īڹ̣֮¸Īڻ(17)

    ʿᳫȷ־˵ǧ꣬ûջ֮ʣ֮٣ٱ֯ࡣԷɴ֯ɣѸƥڿɽӣúʤߣԻΪ֮ǹ^ͭľ塢ӡˢ֮֮࣬˹ˮִ½·еͨţеˡ֮ǣɾʮ֮ݣɲݶ(18)Ȼ֮к־ٵʱŷҵҵ֤ҵʢĵϵƶҲءʱйä˵

    ֮ˣϡԻƶˡйδ֮ѧ֮¸Ҳ(19)

    äӵĽʹйûδô֮֮಻Ըƶƶѡкգзͽֺ֮ߡһ֮˹١ߣʮ֮Уʧҵа˾ţǺ(20)һй˵ҵƶδƣӶˡ

    Ϊٵĺƽ٣αĵһ˰ڽܵһ˰֮ǰȼһѧ˵˼Ϊ

    (һ)ĽѧϰŴŴ˵ݼ˵Ҫʯ֮һŴѧĹ۵㣬Фȴ΢죬һʽҪڱ仯ԸӡȹȣȻУԲҲΪŴģֻЦò϶ѡ˵ΪʣҪǴѧϰеġѧϰ˰ӣ֤ѧϰռҪλ˵֮£ԸڴΣѧΪȡ˵֮£ݣ¡(21)εıпʶͼѾݵˣչԼסˣ˵Ϊĸṩ۵ĸݡ

    ()Ľں϶Ϊĺ϶ȺȺԺ϶ݣ಻ھҲ(22)Ϊ֤ʵ򲻽ĿٹŽʷʵ˵з֮أҵԸǿ԰ߺ(23)а蹣ԭڲ벻ϡ˵

    ֮ߣжʣһ⡣Уսرӹ˰֮ͣһڡ֮ˣƽ֮£ܡһ֮ڣƶ֣У԰ǧ֮һˣн԰ݳ֮Ϊƶƶ伢ź֮ࡣ֮Ͼܽ(24)

    ңƶƼȳɣֲƲб䣬ʲƶߡߣ֪ཫ֮ܣڶ⣬ǽ֮ӣ(25)ԣҪȥҪȥ˵Ⱥʹ֮ϣʹ֮ڽԽӡ(26)

    ()εھõƽȡΪĻɣûɵֻȷɣΪƶ־ɶ˵

    ʹԹΪɾٹ٣ν˿ɣδ̡ԹΪ֮٣Ȼƶ־ٲ֮ˣɫ֮һΪ֪(27)

    Ϊ֮ٵض࣬ʵԽܿ졣ǣȱõƽȣʮҶ񲻵ɥʧϵɣܵ谭˵

    Ȼռ⽥Ϣ㽵Ǯ֮ȨɷƣԻͨоٹ֮޾ٹ֮ʵҹ·飬ΪռΩ޽֮б֮(28)

    ˱бϣȻԳܣǻۡΪȻβʹбأΪİ취Ѱνȵõ棬ʼɣ֮һ¡(29)

    ()ѧرѧĽηֿѧΪ֣һǸ֮һǸȺ֮ɸܷ֮Ϊ˷ܡࡱ(30)ȻʹòΣ࣬ԱøȺ֮ȡ֮Ⱥ֮˼Դ֮(31)ΪӢѧ߶ḥϣPatrick Edward Dove, 1815-1873ĹףڸȺ֮һࡣµĽ˵

    ¼Ҷḥϸǳ֮ν˱ɣ磬֮磬ܹ(32)

    ۿ֪ΪҪǡѧ޷츣ࡣʼΪزϢ֮أĵĸԴ(33)ָĵǹġũСɽ󡢽صķΧ˵

    ۵ߣؽֲִһ֮ҲΪ;֮أɽΪ֮أΪ֮أв֮Ҳ(34)

    Žʷʵ֤ÿءΪ֮áʱǿʢ֮˥۹Ϊ˵

    ǿʢ֮еأʩ̢ڻһŷ(35)

    ־ٵʱŷΪ˵

    ŷӢ·ʿʼ޲ԵΪ(36)

    ˵ɼ֮ǿϵ֮ƶϵأŽ⣬һҲ(37)

    ȻعвźϺĵʱʵȴǡڲ㣬ڲԲߣڸռ̫ࡱ(38)ôӦνֲأηԡֵءİ취ǣ(һ)ֵ֮ԾɡԹ鲢ˡ()֣˼ãܾ()Լתˣ(39)֮⣬ڷйġֵ֮ʱֵָʵϵѡ˵

    ֵ֮ǲơǽ֮СϹ֮δ٣ʿһ˵һأһһˡ԰԰Ϊҵͨ˴ҵǧСԵط֮з˶֪áʶḥƣֵ֮£Ծȣʱʱطһ֮ߡ֮õأѲȣɾ֡˹(40)

    βԡֵءҲ˹˾ϣHerbert SpencerԹáίԱյİ취Ϊ˷Убضңҷ׸֮ʣڶ(41)ڷ׶˵ԭΪΣδ𸴣ȴԹӪҵһзӳ˵

    Ұ£ίһ٣ί¸ڣ⡣һδˣһҲ֮Ϊҵ֮ȻȻǿ֮޽֮䲻ӻԾҲ(42)

    ζصļصĽ취һ취ǡعСCommon ownership of landһ취ǡؿ⡱ΪعУۣ֮֮νҲ(43)۹Ȼˣôʹ˽бΪأ˹˾ϵǺϷչ鹫ʱӦ⳥ʧ˵

    ֮ػշתۡഫ֮ڰ֣֮˷ֱ(44)

    ԼJohn Stuart Millڹ鹫İ취˵

    ع鹫˶һɷһڡǰؼ۵⣬Թԭáۣ֮˹ڹ(45)

    β޳˵İ취ΪȻ԰գص棬ȴհСõõκ⳥Ÿ⣺

    С֮ն֮һ֮Уѣмߣɣգ˹⳥֮ԣνһ£ػСʹ֪壬Ȼȥ֮Ҳ(46)

    ǳɣΪҲֻܰҰ֮ءļǮټϵԼŬɵֵɰصʱ⳥ΪصֵҪ˿ڼٳɣޱȻϵ(47)

    εĵڶ취ǡؿ⡱ص˰˿ڼеĳ̶ȶвֵͬصķ񤲢ޱȻϵ˵

    ʳ֮֮νߣؽԷҲʵ౶ƽ˾֮ʣʶĶԿҰ֮أѷǣӴ֮ǺУ֮ڹѣ֪֮ɡҲ(48)

    šΪӦΪá(49)ԭθɶḥº͸ĸ룺˷ֵأ⣻಻طˣΪáɫ¸ţ·ھ֮С(50)չεġ⡱롰Ϊáġؿ⡱ߡ͡ؿ⡱İ취˵

    ߣ֮Ҳߣ֮Ҳ֮еأڳ磬δã԰ֵ֮д˵ߣÿԼ֮⣬鹫(51)

    ÿԼ֮⡱ƺʾȫȻֵUnearned incrementĹ鹫һоɽƽȨ˼ѧߣΪɽζⷨǣɽֵٳһȫ鹫ǰ¼֪ŵж迼ǵıҪ

    ߡָؿⷨк󣬡еߣռһأһ˰طۣƱˡ޵ߣʹռ۳⣬洦õءʳˡ(52)ߣһ뽨ҵĿԴӵ֧ԳﾭѡˣƶöȼᣬԣƶM֮ӣң֮ˣܿͬڸҡ(53)ԵⷨʵкȷܴﵽΪΪ⻧(54)ľƽȾ硣

    ۣͳⷨĴ

    ɵģº͵ĸߡϣڡɫ¸š£ﵽĸĿġġعСţǿȳ乫֧Ƶİ취صȨ⹫Уġؿ⡱Ҳȫĵ鹫յһֶѡ

    ѧ˵֮йʹѾ˼мӽһЩµĹ۵㡣˵ڡߡǰܵйѧ˼룬ԹҵŷʱҷչۻΪΡɾá۵ȡߡ˼һ֧ص㣬ע˵棬תΪҸĹģйδӦý뾭ƽ˫ػϡ

    󿼲һεⷨйʱõķʽйĴͳⷨҵ˸ݡйʥ˵ŴƶȣΪعе۸ݡƩƶ֤عΪйʥ룺

    ·֮أŽظﲻͬƶȲһҪԵΪ֮áйҢ˴֮о֮еؿ(55)

    ؿ⡱ʵΪƵıͨ˵

    Ωһ֮أһ֮ˡһ֮⣬һ֮áӾֵ֮ͨʼΪ(56)

    ؿⲻɾͨ䷨ұȾƶȵĺá˵

    ԻѶƶ˰ɣϾֵΪҲ(57)

    йͳⷨҸݣй˷޳ߣҲƵϡ¡׫ڡߡ˵

    飬۸֮ԭԸΪסǼΪ֮塣ƣص鹫ȷףΪҾƶ֮Ȩߡ֮νܶ˵кϡ飬ݷνԾʼ֮ڴ΢ּҮ(58)

    ⣬ڡ֮塱һУҲþƶعߵĸݡ˵

    ΩعУ֮Ѿģߣ֮ڸĸ֮ʱ(59)

    ɺεⷨйʾͳ壨Traditionalism˼ĽܣȷҲشٳá仰˵ʱڣͳɸµλһΪеһýʹεعⷨ¹ڴͳľɹϵõչ

    ١һҳϡϡ

    ͬ٣һһģҳ¡һ¡

    ۡ

    ֣ߡ򡣰ߡ뿯ǡϵġ򡱲ͬ˴ݵбϵ

    ݴ˾ݡߡ档

    棬йᵳйִʷԿڶᣬҳһ

    ͬޣҳ

    ͬޣҳš

    ѣͬ˻ʱɽ˼ķойִʷԿһᣬҳһ壻ȫģҳһ

    ɣʷҳ׳塷ҳһһġ

    (11)ܣййִʷԿҳˡţHarold Shiffrin, "Sun Yat-sen's Early Land Policy: The Origin and Meaning of 'Equalization of Land Right'", Journal of Asian Studies, 16. 549-564; Martin Bernal, "Triumph of Anarchism Over Marxism, 1906-1907", in China in Revolution: The First Phase 1900-1913. p. 103-105

    (12Martin Bernal, p. 103񱨡ڣ壬ҳ壻ڣҳһһ

    (13)νʣ֮ʷҳ˾š塢һ塪һ

    (14)ʷҳһ

    (15)ߡ¾ҳ¡

    (16)ͬ(15)Ͼҳϡ

    (17)(18)(19)(20)ͬ(15)

    (21)ͬ(15)¾ҳ¡ϡ

    (22)ͬ(15)¾ҳһ

    (23)ͬ(15)¾ҳһ

    (24)(25)(26)ͬ(15)¾ҳ¡

    (27)ͬ(15)¾ҳ¡

    (28)ͬ(15)¾ҳ¡

    (29)ͬ(15)¾ҳϡ

    (30)ͬ(15)¾ҳ¡ϡ

    (31)ͬ(15)¾ҳϡ

    (32)ͬ(15)¾ҳ¡

    (33)(34)ͬ(15)Ͼҳһ¡

    (35)(36)(37)ͬ(15)¾ҳ塣

    (38)(50)(51)(52)ͬ(15)¾ҳˡ

    (39)(42)ͬ(15)¾ҳϡ

    (40)(41)ͬ(15)¾ҳߡˡ

    (43)ͬ(15)¾ҳһ塣

    (44)(45)ͬ(15)¾ҳһ塪һϡ

    (46)ͬ(15)¾ҳһ¡

    (47)ͬ(15)¾ҳһ¡һϡ

    (48)(49)ͬ(15)¾ҳߡ

    (53)(54)ͬ(15)¾ҳˡš

    (55)ͬ(15)¾ҳġ

    (56)ͬ(15)¾ҳ¡

    (57)ͬ(15)¾ҳ¡ϡ

    (58)ͬ(15)¡׫

    (59)񱨡ڡ

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