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    һƪ˼ʷоĳԣԵʱ֪ʶӵľΪص㣬京⼰һʮķչʣϣ͸оڶ˼뷢չϵĹϵʶ

    ڷϣѡʮλʱѧԱԼѧΪоǶԵʱʶӦУȡ侭˼ͬһʱϣֵĹ֮ͬ㣬ӸͬʱУ̽Ѱݵı仯

    ѡѧɵѧߣ۷ΧҲѧΪޣϹ֪ʶӵڣֻоҵʱĵİ˹

    ѧһ֧ʮͳʢͬͺڵ˼볱ĵٿԷӳʱ˼ʵķչһҵӺͶ񣻵ڶƽ壻ǾʵĸԴͬǽ֪˵ʶϡȾҺͶ˵ÿ˶ӦԼ֪Լס֮ĶҲ֮ڿӲΪҲ֮ĶҲ֮ӹΪҲ١ֲʥǷΪǷǣԼǷΪ׼磬ʵѾ׷ʥ͵ż;Ȩˡ˵ĵλߣʥ뾭䷴Ҿĸλˡ

    پƽķչ˵ÿ˶㹻֪ʥˡʶһƽڵģͬʱҲʹĵͻʿ׼ΪơȰԼƽ񻯣ײ¼ĹǮº顢֮˽ѧʱӦе̬˵һʥȥ˽ѧ˼ʥˣνУø޷޸˽ѧ仰ֱ֪ƽԭϵƽ壬ƽַչ׵ط˿нĽԭ

    ľ̬Ǵ֪˵зչġΪÿ˵֪ͬģ˵ĳƸԼʱϵĹŽ񣬶ֻҪרĲϵġ֪ȻﵽΪһ塱ľ硣ܡ̼ӹ̼ҡѱ˵ļҵΣѣԼ⿴跨ۡϣ֪ĽȻᵼʹǻعĲҺֹĺͲ뷨Ǿۿ֪֪ĺͲʵɷһ塣֪ǲĶĺͲΪɲάһ֮ʵıҪֶΡ

    ʵϣǿ֪Ҳӷ¡֪棺š֪кһǿСѧТΪ˵ТطͷТȻν֮ѧͽտڶ˵ν֮ѧТѧТˣѧҡѧšѧѧȻҲˡЩݣҲάйͳṹΪ淶ӡ֪кһĹ۵֪Ҳιƽ¡仰˵ѧϰТҡ塢ŵĹУҲͬʱҡιƽµĿġ·棺ȴȫ֪ܣͬʱҲӳɹȥľ飬žѧϰ˵گ֮䣬޷ʵѧΪѧȴաۿ֪֪ھķΧҲھķΧ

    ڼ򵥵ؽ˼뾭弰Χʮǰ롢ʮͺʮͳʱ˳򣬽һʱھķչſ

    ʮǰ

    ޡܡ纡޺˵ľΪۡʱѧѾΪҪɱֳɡ֤ޡǶ֪˵вͬţȴȻ֪̳Ķ뾭̬ȡ

    ޣһİһһޱһ֮ģھİ취Ƚƫظ棬Ϊιƽµĸ˵Ϊʽ֮񣬼eأ¹Ǹeأ֪֮ɾ֮Ҳֻȥأȴڷ󡣾ӣɸӡԻǰeǸҲ䱾Ҷĩ߷ӡһ䣬eأ֮塣ҲҲ԰Ҷ룬԰Σ԰¶ƽҲԻ޼԰ˣ޼԰գƽ֪ȥ¹£֮νʧҲʹʧţɣӧִΪӡֺ֪ܱԱ¹գ

    ǿ޻ΪΪ£ܷ֮ǰʦѵСȦѧϰ˵իʦѴ֮𢴦ԣֲҲ˵޶ԾһӡˣŶʶǰ˵УֻҪӰԭͺˡ˵ʹ֪ΪʶǰΪ£ζʶ֮

    ܣһľŰˡһΪֳ֪ɵģŵùˣʵڵѧʡΪ͵ҸͬΪڣͬǷߵǳе·ߵǲ񷨡з⡣ĥİ취ĿеľȽ̵ͬ˵ʥ֮ѧھԭ粻롣߽ˣֻԲϢΣδר˵չؾӦСʱʱ㣬ͳܣ뾲һ㡣ǱأǶԾ׷屻ͭǦӣһڸӦشչؾ֮壬ʼΪ֣Ωȴδϲᶯ޽棬θ޶У緽ɡڳͷҢ˴ѧֱҲ(11)

    ޺ȣһ婖ġһģֳ֪˵Ϊ֪ҪһʼܻãΨһ;ֻھ֮󣬲ܾԼȥ(12)֮ѧΪԾΪáˣܴﵽΪһľ磬һܰһСɥţ˳֮֮⣬רһȥ(13)Ȼṩ˾Ķǿ˾ľģƾʲôȥʵأ˱ѧϰʦѴ֮Լѧϰǰ˾Ĵ𸲣ŲϽġ˲ġΡ伲֮ʡ(14)Ϊμιݡ⣬Ŷ˲ιʱҪΪΣҰʱҲҪΪεͷ(15)

    纣һߡһһѧĶΪѧȱǿ飬ѧ˼ѧ˽Ϊ֪ΪܵΣ(16)⣬ʹŵӡŻΪ󡱣Լ֮ͷ֮Ƿǡ֮α(17)

    ھ;رƫĹΪѧ֮Ȼɼ£ɼģָιƽµģʵһ˵ѧ߹ֻ֪֮ڶ֪֮У֪֮ɼ֮ӡ(18)֪ĹڸνＴָ¶ԣ֮¡֮£Ҳ;˳ɼ֮˵֮֮ȸȻҹ֮֮ӡ(19)

    ڶĹӣ纷޹ĽʱĽ顣ΪЩ⣬ӦôӸ𣬶ѧĲһĸ˵֮ߣվƶģ˼䱾Ϊ޼Ҵ£øƶùݼôС֪Ϊ񣬽Եһ֮Ω䲻ܸܹ󡢲ܴڿ֮ΪֺǿСգʹǹҲⲻ֪ģСףʵѧʿջɻڡնࡢ̰ջܣ·ӭ㣬˼䱾䣬̱࣬ʹСսߣ֮Σѧѡ(20)

    ۺ϶˵֪Ƕ֪ΪΪָǵľ̬ȣܱȽ⣬˶лľߣ;Χ;˵ޡ纡޺رľޡ޺Ҳͬʱ¡

    ʮͺ

    ʮҶԺ۹ڲһξҵ;õĴ䶯ԭеũ徭ýṹҵʱѸٷչ£⵽ƻرԽϵΪء䶯ĹУʧҵ룬͸ٷҲǶ顣žһѲָʱΣξ̼꣬λ໣Īʱں֮ĩ¡䣬·壬ʼϯ͸ٲ񣬱ϰд棬շʵѡ(21)ԭΪǡ︳ƶʧҵڼ沢ֱȻӾӡ(22)

    ᾭýṹľ䣬ʹ۹ڲֳȵ벻ⰳܵţʹ׹ľΪ񻯡ȻӰ˾о˵ľ̬ȡڴڵľ˼룬ԺžµڡfԼԬΪֱں

    һһߡһ߾ţ̩޵ӡڵʱصΡӰ£ľ˼ֳŨʿ񡣵ʱ˹˵ѧѧף֮˲ϧ֮ŭΪ(23)ֻһڲ˵ţ

    ľʷΪ׶Σһ׶֯壬ڶ׶½ܡѧҽѵӰ죬Լļ֯Ϊһ壬þۺø滭ȫΪ飺һ鸺ȫĻһලоúḣ񡣷йڡ顢ɥ£ǱźƽȵԭزƸӵܶѧͬѵ

    ȻͼάаʽŬþѡڷطٵر˰մŭ˵֣ǵԮȣӹⳡѡӴԺƺ𽥿˵ʱƣʵ޷ԿʵطѹȣûŬθĸϵľеѧȥ(24)

    ѡ뵱ʱйصԭһΪʱε̫ڰɴָĸ﷢˶ʱλ˵խֶ¶ɣи߲ţӺչڶŽӢǾĸ취ʥ˷Ϊ֣һǴ½ĿӣһǴҢ˴Ϊ̵ĿҪҢ˴ԹйףΪܹӢţԱҪֻҪ͢ӢţȻȻҲ̫ƽ(25)

    Żڽʦ֮䣬ӡޡֵ֮񶼺ˡ׿˵壬ģʦʥ֮䡣(26)ŻʾΪ˴ﵽĿģֶΥ̵ĵطԻ˵ѧɽũһɣ츴֮ӡ(27)

    žһ塪һ˶žʱΡأͬʱҲ͵˼ʢеʱѧֻѧˣžȴѧԸԬС޼ѧžĹϵ˵СʱѧϾϧͷĿΪǴСʱڳƼܣһ֮£ͦȻΪ֮(28)žԼʾ侭̬ȵҲԵľȴȱɫʡ˵ʮǰһԸԸΪʹ޴ϣ֮֮޼ɣȡǣ໶ϲʩ롣(29)

    žΪķӦ˵ݻı䡣šʿδʱӦר޼˵ĵΪٵ׼֮ӦСĽԼְȥѧϰ޸ΡҲĻᣬҲģ¿Ӵ½ԵĹԹݣžĿӦԾְط֣سܣ˳ЩΪҪ(30)ϣžȻѾķΪ֣ʵϣδ벻ӦòΪһࡣ

    ž˼ɫšʵʶϡһǡ޳ʶΪʱ뻷ĸı䣬ҲҪӦıģӦӦʱҪΪԭܺԭͿԴڣʹʥ˵Ҳ÷˵ʱ֮֮ӹ֮ɷҲʱʥ֮죬޴Ҳ(31)ʶ׵طӳž侫ʵӡƼӦʺʱҪôʲôʺϵأžŲɺ֮ǡ֮Ŀ֮ӣ˾֮֮꣬죬֮״ӣ֮(32)ž̫ڷĿ˵ģܣͺ֮ģ֮֮ҷʤ֮Ԫʱˣȡ֮ʮţ֮ʮһ⣬̼֡ι٣ɣ֮Ҳͣ⡢֮ѡҲ˰֮ޣ֮︳Ҳ׻ȡʿʯ·Ҳ(33)ɴ˿֪̫ѡȡ˵ĽΪƵžνġַĽͣžĹֻڿʱڣȵ֮󣬡µĺ⡣תҪΪžһʶǾҲΪÿߵƺ;(34)ĳˣصĳķơٿӵΪΪӱȻˣΪ֮Ϊ֮һΥܳķƣ鶼ԻָܴƶΪĿġɴžᶨţ֮ʱΪ֮˾ɣʥѧԽжʧ׹Ϊѧܳʿʧ׹(35)žʶδͳӰ졣Ժ佨Ϊѵ˴ʱָΪˣĴ£رƶȻеϰ(36)ʶγž˼бصһ档ȻʵҪ뷨޳ʶ£ֲòԣ˲˷º⣬Ǿԡȡ֮ζ֮(37)ȥǰᾭ⡣

    ǰᵽѧɵĵӶ߶֪ʦģԹ˹ŷΪǷǱ׼ĵľ֪ۣ޿͹ԭѭԡ֪˵չʮͺڣΥ̵ˡžᳫرƣΪ۵֪ṩһ͹۶ѭı׼ɴ˻žԷεᳫ֣Եʱ֪˵׶ġ

    ž˼пɱķΧСʵʱǿȴֵעġ

    µڣһһһһߣµ꣬ϲ̸׷ࡢ̷ڶεξְΪ䣬ֻһ֮ѡ˵־ھ־ھ(38)µҲǾжѧߣ˵ʿʵ飬Եã˿˼Ѷ˵Եãԣ֮֮ʱƶѡ(39)˵µעء֮֮⣬ҲʱƵء

    µΪۡԡ¡ʱı仯仯˵֮Է֮ԣ֮·֮£ǧ(40)Ҫڵ⣬ͷȳʶڵĻʱҪɡ˵߹ͨ񡱣á˵ªʱǡ(41)

    ڷµķ̬ȣžĵڶַĺơ˵ೣ䣬ʥ֮ڲ꣬£ִͨ壬κϹ£ǺǺ(42)

    fһĩһŵӣжšѧߵɨ֮ۻԼбȡһƬǬã˽¡(43)עԵľҲӶѧϰԡգﲻ١(44)⣬͵̵ѧ˵ϣ÷֤(45)ǣԶ̡סĳ̬ȣȴ(46)

    ·棬žµڵƣӶԱƶȵѧϰ˵ӹϰΪҪһ֮ܶӡ(47)ӱ⣬ҲᳫҪ˵ƣ񲻿壻䲻Է𡣡Ǽӣ˹ԶҲĿӣ˹ǧǣϸУҲ㡣̸֮ްߣС˶޼ɵ߶ڴգ(48)ȻᳫԵʱΥ̵ġ

    Ԭƣһġһߣܵӣ˵Ϊ˵Լ֮СʶԱʾѧ˿ʥ˵ŵԵʱĹףǡ顱ıӡ뷢Уʹ֮ײ㣬ԼΪԼ(49)ǵʱеһ飬רԼΪļ¼ԤȶõΪ׼ռԼĹĹȻܼƽԼŬƴδ

    ²ǮˣȻЩ񡱵ǷǻǮ˵ġҲһЩرΪûǮƵģһȻ¡ԬڡƪָҪǡǫ顱Ʒ£ƷǲҪκλѵġϼ񡱡Ǯ񡱶ֵġƷµĿ෴ӳŴƶ޵ƽȾ(50)

    ⣬ɹ涨Ϊ׼Կ侭Ĺܡٳ빦񡱵ĲΪ

    һԮʦʳ¼ɥá

    ѡ¡ƶߡ

    Ԯƶá

    ģԺ

    壩ԽǮƷܡзԼߡ

    ͬ򻷾Ϊؤˣǹ

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    ˣֻʱʩƶʳ

    ţʱΪƶβ

    ʮ칩ƶʲˮ

    ʮһ칩ƶסޡ

    ʮӡԵ(51)

    ƶԼ޿ߵԮȼãԳѧߵľǽĩйѾﵽʱѿ׶ε˵ôԬƵ쵼Ĵ˶һĳ̶ֳϣ˻һЩʱ巢չ⡣⣬ձѧ߾ƾҷоݲ˵Ĺҵ׼棬Ҳʱķչ(52)

    ۺϴھ˼ص㣬ԼˣһֻĿĲֶεķչΪɵΥ׼͵žµڡfرƵf̵ᳫģȼõᳫ壩ŵǿֵעı仯Ƕ֪ĵĶҡرĴˡ

    ʮͳ

    Խʮͺ󣬹мܵĴţ˵ڷ͢Ȩ裬ͬ죻طԱܻΡЩεĽ֯Ӱ£ƽǰڸΪ񻯡Զ֡뼸ѧľΪ£

    

    ܳɣһ婖һһܳɳѧɣᳫ˵ͷھϣٷ⽮ͷڰϣˮ£뽲ĥ壬ͷϣӲҲ(53)ڻְʱŽӣĥ֮첻̸֮ƣ֮ﲻ(54)

    Ԫһ꣬ܳʳɼȸԺѧ֮࣬ѧڹµĲ룬ϣ۵ӰΡѧ۶˵༽ִŶҩ֮Ҳ¾ڶ֣ηɡ(55)

    ܳɾ˼ɫ֪λ½ʥ;λߡΪǸƫȫܴͬĲΪǷǵı׼(56)ֻʥ˵ΪػȻǷǲǷǱ׼˵֮һģȻ֮Ҳ֮ҲȻȫ֮߼ΣΩʥ˶ӡ(57)ȻǶ֪˵Ȼʥ˵ǷǲܴǷǣôʥ˻ʥ˵ľ䣬ȻͱѧϰȡĶˡڶֻԼУ֣𾭵šԼ˵ƺΣҲӱӱ飬ʾά̡ģΪ˳Ҳѧ߳ܶһֱһ֣һһ䣬֮ӡ֤վ½ѭѭѡ(58)

    ֮رʥţԭӦѧɵйءѧš޶Ϊ֪ʶȻԲһЩɽũŻʾͬʱҲԲһЩΪࡣԵܳɸߺʥͬʱҲ޶Ϊ֪ţΪɱѧָ˵ߡΪΪڣΪԵԲٳΪ׽ʡΪ𾳣ϻǨΪֻأѧϴΪ׼ƽΪӡԲͨߡΪԣϮΪӹȻΪһ壬ѰֱΪ£ίǨΪ޿޲ɣԲ޼ΪѹΪʥأ޳Ϊӡ(59)

    һһҲžѧߡ˵֮񣬴֮Զʿ֮ʵҲ֮ϣ²Ϊ֮Զ±Ϊ񣬴ʿʵҲʵʵ£ؼ⡢档䲻Ȼߣ԰׾֮֮ڹۼ֮£Ҳգ(60)

    ⣬Ҳʥ͵ĵλѧϰʥ͵ĳɷ˵ѧʲޱ𷨣ֻʥͳɷʥ֮У֮ӡ(61)Ҳѧĩݵ׶ġ˵ʳΪ֮ѧ֮˵оΪѰī̸Բ˵ͨ޼ɵ֮ӹ(62)ȻȡʥͣԲѳķΧΪ֪֮ͽභΪż֪֮ӡ(63)Զ׼֪ܳʥǷǱ׼ĽʱڣȻ֪˵ӰڣҵĶԣѽΪʥ;Ȩȡ

    

    Ƕ֮Ӱѧ壬С֮ơͬ־ֵ̫߿ɽӵ㡢ݡɽɽʡ¼ͬ־ǧʮ(64)

    ּ붫ϣžҲ߳𾭸š½ǵġԡ䴴ʼ˵˥ʿӲͨĿҸ˾ò¾ز֪˲£͵ڴˡߣߣȵ¡ķʿ˸ѧʹߣΪãԻ硣˴Ի㵸ͣʥ飬Υϳˣ漺α˶̣ɽýСɣȲ½֮иһΪ˾ҪԼá(65)ֿ֪֮˸ѧĿľΪ˾ߣ˴㣬ӳƷӡ

    

    Լ븴ͬڳ꣨һţ(66)༭ıࡷ˾ظߵģָԨԴ˵ͬ־µ־ʷŽΪĲ߼ңʷ߱ͨʵרֲΣ֮һʮѧسɣͬ־˵Ƽ霹ӡľΪ֮Ӣչֱۣһ˼ĲҲ⵱˼͹ʷνʶȾáΨΨȺҪıࡷ(67)Ŀ֪粻žһžʷŽĲΡ

    ıࡷݰָ֡йصۣνĳ֮ԣԶ֮˵ⷽΪֱɾֻռȫƪһС֡µĲ֣Ϊͬƣ˸ʦƪ϶(68)⣬һƪҲ򵥽ȫ˵賢˹࣬һũ֮ӡǷ֮±ɡ(69)

    ༭ıࡷҪΪ˽ʱҰȱ˲ģӦūܽڧI(70)⡣Щ˰취ΪӦڱĵƶȥѰ߼žڿȡ֪µ̬ȣ˵ȥҵĴʣȡָ֮䣬žʱܴðƽҵʡ(71)

    ΪʲôҪرǿжĵƶأǻžͬġѴ֮ģѴ֮¡ġʶ(72)ʱˡ׶־ѧۡȵ£ĩѣùԷΪˡδͨ񡱵ë(73)ᳫо¡(74)Ҫʱ⣬Ⱦͨ񣬶ͨ;һоƶȵıǨΣһ̽ԱǨԭһʶִҪȻͱƶȵķΧڣѰ󲹾ȵİ취(75)

    ۺϴھ˼ʣ֪ĵλ½ʥ;Ȩս֮⣬ǹʵӱƵġڼչԭڸеľ̬ȣγѧеĹͬ

    ϵۿ֪ڶ˵˼Уʵռ൱ҪĵλԵʱĹҲһӰ졣

    ν˼еġʡΪϣڹΪĿġĵĹػϣҲָʵʹĴ¶ԡɾĿ;˰ӹ¡Ṥ֮⣬ͬʱҲڡ

    ھ˼ص㣬֪λı仯ʮǰڣѧ߶Լ֪£ԼԼסͬ͵ĺڣ˶֪𽥷˶ҡҵҷΪ֪ĸĩҲʮͳڣ֪λ½ʥ;ȡ֪ԭеĵλΪΪָԭ֮ʮͳ˸ոʥ;ȨĿƣԼľջصԼУǵĩԶķԾػصʥ;쵼֮¡̳е˼Ų˼ҷֵĹ۵˵ʵ㵱й˼ʱڡ

    һ˼ʣǡʢСѧ߷ǹŷǽǵ˼УʵıĹǱķΧȴֻڱķ֮ڡ˴˸ĸĳ̶ȡ

    ǿˣڹ˫ĳ弤£˵һЩӦ;ֶ˵еЧеעطƵ٣еᳫ̵£ҲеĴṤǵΪݣֻ֪ԺҲƣʥ;ߺԮ

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    ڡϰ¼£ҳĩ

    ۴ε飬ϰ¼Уҳţοͬ˶顣

    ܡϰ¼Уҳš

    棬˼ʷҳһ塣

    Takehiko Okada, "Wang Chi and the Rise of Existentialism", in Self and Society in Ming Thought, P.121.

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    жիżҳο˼ʷҳһ

    ɽ飬իżҳһ塣

    ⡶˼ʷҳһ

    (11)ܣɽ¼Ϫȫһҳһġ

    (12)˼ʷҳһһһĶһߡ

    (13)޺ȣ򣬡ļġ

    (14)޺ȣ̼飬¼һҳ

    (15)ˣ¼ҳ

    (16)纣һҳһһһ

    (17)ͬ(16)һҳš

    (18)(19)ͬ(16)壬ҳһ

    (20)ͬ(16)ģҳһ

    (21)žһҹȫҳˡ

    (22)ļţҹȫҳһ

    (23)򣬡̨顷һԡ˼ʷҳ

    (24)Wm. Theodore de Bary, "Individualism and Humanitarianism in Late Ming Thought", in Self and Society in Ming Thought, pp. 183185.

    (25)ͬ(24)ҳһο˼ʷҳġ塣

    (26)ޣۣϷ顷ҳߡ˾š

    (27)ˣѧҳ

    (28)˼ʷۡҳġ塣

    (29)žҢԺԸԡ˼ʷۡҳ塣

    (30)(35)ž˾ƽʯΪѧԡ˼ʷۡҳľš婖

    (31)(32)(33)(37)δԳ̲ߡУҹȫ

    (34)Robert Crawford, "Chang Ch-cheng's Confucian Legalism", in Self and Society in Ming Thought, p. 380.

    (36)Ray Huang, "Ni Yan-l: Realism in a Neo-Confucian Scholar-Statesman", in Self and Society in Ming Thought, p. 421.

    (38)µڣ˼桷ҳ塣

    (39)µڣ塷ҳߡ

    (40)µڣԡҳһ

    (41)(42)塷ҳġ

    (43)fϱʳˡҳġ

    (44)˼ʷҳˡ

    (45)ϱʳˡο˼ʷҳˡ

    (46)fͼң԰ҳһ塣

    (47)飬԰һҳ

    (48)ʦ԰һҳ

    (49)Tadao Sakai, "Confucianism and Popular Educational Works", in Self and Society in Ming Thought, pp. 341346.

    (50)ͬ(49)ҳ婖İˡ

    (51)ͬ(49)ҳľš婖

    (52)ͬ(49)ҳһ

    (53)ܳɣСիǡһһҳ

    (54)л壬֮ʵ˶ҳ塣

    (55)ѧˣҳ婖

    (56)˼ʷҳ˰ˡ

    (57)ܳɣ飬޲ظ塷

    (58)ֻԼת˼ʷ

    (59)Сիǡһˣҳ

    (60)ƽ飬顷ϣҳһ

    (61)顷壬ҳ

    (62)顷ϣҳĩ

    (63)顷ϣҳһһ

    (64)֮ʵ˶ҳһ塣

    (65)½ǣԡԡ֮ʵ˶ҳһ

    (66)ŵǴʼĩԡ֮ʵ˶ҳһ˾š

    (67)ߣ򣬡ıࡷ

    (68)(73)ͬ(67)

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