սڴƽ

    һŵƽȫ

    ӹԪǰһǧ굽죬ǧУսûսʮһ仰˵ǧУƽֻʮѡ۴ǳһپʮʮ־ǴǶ̵ʮ˷ӵӢյ֮ս෴ڴ򣬴ûꡣ֮ôܴͲˡ

    ʤһ

    ֺսսԣԹ˹ʽȴڸı䡣ʱ̣㶪һʯͷһʯͷȥǡһ㿪һ̹˳ҳһ̹˹ȥǡǻǸʱʱξȫͬˣ㶪һԭӵٶһԭӵȥʱ򣬽ǡҲˡʱȫһжˣʣµģֻǺһС˵֣ǡʤһ񡷣Winner Take Nothing

    ŴߣǿռݱߵءŮ˺ԴһСʧʤԺõͻָʤߵƣʱǰˡһĴźһһάҲɻ顣ʰؿ̨̯ӣ仰˵ŷ޸زƨɡλ࣬ʤ߲ûռʲôˣʧҲûʲôսܵķȨĴʤߵԪ봴ˣܾúܾöָܻ

    ڶĴźǵһսһսӢȻսʤĹңȴǷһƨɳծǶһЭսܵĵ¹⳥ǵʧǾͲеǮЭһЭӢû취ȻʤߣǻһĪչե¹Ҳեֻôһ

    ڶսսʽ䡣Ӣʧȵһս屶˾űʧʷսʧܺ͡

    ࡤ

    ⣬ϣҲǰδеġʮʱɥŷսǰˣʮʱʮˣڶʮ͵ĵڶսȴǧˣǧˣй˰˰ˣˣռ˿ڵİٷ֮ʮֲңʷǰġ

    磬йʷҵΧս1864峯ӹ̫ƽϾһսʮˣ1941굽1944¹ӹգһսһʮ

    Ŵս˼¼ɿʷǡر͡Уһնװ򡱣һնװ򡱡նװǧһն򡱣һն׶ʮ򡱡նʮ򡱣ǿɵģΪʱս벹ڡʷ-𱾼͡˵ҹlʮˡǾ͸ˡǲֶģӹԪǰ479ϣһսʮԪ451귨һʮšǣʹţĵڶսʲôأ

    Ϊ1812սУ˲ǧʮˣսУ˲ǧİʮˡڵһսУʮһǧࣻڶսУʮǧࡣ

    ⣬սϣҲɿսǽȡ1812սУÿսʮһ𣬵ڵڶսУÿҪǧձնսУÿսʮձңڵڶսУÿǰ߿֧ձңһµĿ֧ͳն֮սʮŸµܺͣڶսǧ¬ǧ˰𣩣ǧ˰𣬶ʤߣʤһ񡱣ɴ˿ɼ

    ԡǣһȫ

    ʽĸı䣬ʹھѵʤһ񡱵ԭڡķչʹǰȫͬˡ˹Ĵʿ磬ߵһ·磬·ϣо¾͵ͷˣġΩҲ͸һ䣻ٵɽ磬ҲˡӡȺϣ֪ǰĩ˵ʱһΪѾûˣġΩҲ͸һ䡣Щ¸ǣܴʿɽϲսǵ·ƥT.K.O.ǡ

    ıʱ򣬵ƥģҿԲڵ·ϱܵʱ翪ʼ΢ˡ΢磬ϢϢˣƤҵӡڰ˵ѣɳصı̣ձƱĲѾǣһȫ˹һUpton SinclairС˵ʰƷƶ˹ߣԸκʽ¢ϣһĹϵҵȵȺ𷴶һŲǡ粻ʹúãǸҲáThis country will not be a really good place for any of us to live in if it is not a really good place for all of us to live in.ʵλѡҡĳɡ硱ҲһıʹԣսòҲ֮ı䡣

    ڹȥսòǿõ׹֮˹˲ĵˣõҩ˵أõսУ·սȴޡΪʲôЩٿ˵أԭʱսԵģӢۡ塢ͳ߸˵ľġȫȨľӢսȻڶԷΣ

    ڡ١

    Ӣۡ塢ͳ߸˵ľʷʫµϡӺġءIliadµOdysseyάġ¡Aeneidֱġ˹UlyssesӢۡսһֱ黳黳֣غ𺳡һɱɵˣǣħ˺ҷµľЧ

    һǰ棬һֻ۾Ŵֻһֻ۾СʲݡСèèǳϲдֽڶ㽲شһɱɵˡǣżȻӴߺ·޾ĳͻȻֹͣһĶСŰƾɵ̾ұ㲻֪Ҫôˣһᶪҵ顢ҵèҵļҺһУ׷ȥκεطԼ游£ҪӢ۵ġı˵游Ҳ¡ûеõκα꣬ҲϣõκαꡣǸ߸˵Ĺ׳ǵȡۺȥΪЧ͡Ǵǧ֮⣬ðŶӢµڻǰʹշתʱȴܰգȫ޶ԡ

    Աȣʦ˵ҡ֪ӢRobert Green IngersollĿʹ˸̵

    ǰվصķǰһ̻Ի͵ķأ֮ˣҴĺ˵ֵĴʯ餣аϢŲϲϢ˵塣ˣϸִ˵ǰ̡

    ǻɺӱߴɱToulonطϵҵǰù޵ţthe Bridge of LodiϢڰӰ¡࿭˹ѹɽһƬ磨MarengoڶķUlmڰ˹ȣAusterlitzڶ˹ѩеĲӣľҶһɨˡˡˣһ̵ϻذȥҰްıץסˡ𵽶͵İӺȡλڲҵĻ¬սϣʱˡҲʥõϣַڱ󣬴űҵĴ󺣡

    ɵĹ¶͹ѸΪĹ٣ֵǱҰĵƿ˵İŮˡ˵ũ򣬴ľƵЬӣɾסڲ֮Уϳ٣гũаԱߣֱ֯кϥϣ۰һˣ޳徻֮УԶʤȡشۡ

    Ӣָ߲εļ⣬ҲйŴʫ˵ġƾĪ£һǿݡּ⣬׷ӢսѰҡ١ķǳսòתУеһת䡣

    ڡ

    һսòת屻ʥսĳɹƷʥŮϣֵͷϣַ¹صˣ÷ּ𽥷ȫ硣

    𣬸ࡰҪƽҪսĸýڣڡ£˭Ҳð֮踡ĸ߳У۹塢塢ɳ塢塢˷ܣcollective excitmentٹȺЪ˹ȵȣҲ㳲£һжĻսʼ

    սʼʱԡ˼һǹȦٵ壬Щ£ձйϾʮȺڴʱ򣬡šڡϽɽ¡רı

    ׼ξԺҰԼһɱһٵ˵ı1210գϽɽ˴жſȱ˿ڵľҰɱһˣĳɼأԴ𣺡ɱһˣǣͬЦɱһǺܲңȷ˭ɱﵽһ֮ģˣ˾ǲʤٶ˭ɱһʮйˣ1211𣬱ڽС

    ǡٿʮֻḱ᳤

    Ůˣձж벻ġձŮ˵Ⱥãŵĳ̶ȡ

    һΣձ˸ŮӪȥһǿ顣ֹǣЧЩˣʮ굽ġʮꡣĿձǿ顣ʱձԡǿйĸˡ߽ȥҿԡŮڿޡ

    һΣͬϵŶ¿·ߺţָüʮһ˱ɱ˱ǿ顣֮Уʮ꣬һʮ꣬վǿ󣬰ѶСһŮӣϱǿ飬Ѫһˣ˴ӣУձ֡ձ鴬ڣŮӣϸɷǰǿ顣ɷǳŭձɱϸŮҲͬͶ

    ǡٿڵĻ䣺

    ڰȫشйŮձǿģÿаǧ֮ࡣҵһ¹ͬ£ְʰȫشίԱᡱۿվɱд֮ࡣرϾѧУ԰ձڹ컯֮£ɱŮͯʮĸЩɱ¼Լ֮һڰСвټɱ¼ڴ·ϣ侰¹ޡ

    ձԭӵ˵˵һʹ㵺ʮʮ򡣵ձû뵽Ͼɱɱйˣһɱʮô˵أձ˳Ҫ˵й˭Ҫأ

    ڡռ䡱

    ڡ١֮⣬ռ䡱ɣֳΪսĽڡռ䡱ȻԭʼġʧΪɣǣ춨ĳҪȴķѴࡣ춨ʮȫֳսԵԶռ䡱֮ϣ

    ֳսһɫǡŴսһ͵ġԼԼ飬Ŀֻ档һɫǡաص·˹ǣȴ֤˹Եʵ롰ռ䡱ĻҪûϵ

    ֳսǷ켫ʱӢķ֮һأ߷֮һڷޡ̣¹Ҳڷޡ̣ʱڷ̣Ҳ̵ӡȺձҲ̵ʺ̨塣

    һԡ塱޿ţһīȡüݡڻݡݡɣݡīݣӶȡð˹ӣȡ÷ɱŰͣġĦǡ˺ӴϡءӵȵأΧ

    ֳսƶߣҲδѰϵԲһ˭ĻһԶţʿھǰ棬˲ǰ˵֮еȷĲ档Ӣʫ˼֣Rudyard Kiplingд

    ˵ĸ

    ܹȥף

    

    չ˵ĺ㡣

    Խϡס˵ˡġչ˵ġҲ飬ԸԼĸؼҰɣ

    šû취

    ȥеսɲٳΪɵʱ򣬵ԽսʱһԽƽҪʮʱ򣬵ߺ߶˽⡰ʤһ񡱵ʱ򣬵·ȥؽͬھʱ򣬡ս򡰺ƽķȻܲӡ

    սķһΪ˺ƽԷսΪֶΣսʤVictory without warʹ֪Բ㣬оôй˼˵ġΪʤԴ֮ʤĿǡս֮

    ƽķΪ˺ƽĿҲֶΡƽ繹룬Զǧǰˡڿ׷ӻСѵʱй顣ʱģСι磬ǿˣΪûйҸ˵ãʮĸҲòӦν֮Ҳ֮Իɣؽ֮ǣΪֻǡšû취Զĺƽûʵ֡

    ŷڽ߰ǰԽ̻Ϊټ˵ĺƽ룬ҲųΪϹһʵ۵ĺƽ롣һ֣ʧˡʿսΪ˺ƽ˹٣Henry M. WristonսĿǺƽthe object of war is peace˱֮ҲδĴ룬ԸΥԭڣʵǡšû취취ʵڲа취ֻսʷȴƽ֮С

    1898Ķ죬йŴʽĻ飬ҲˣΪûйҸ˵ƽãʮ˸ҲòӦԼǩˡǡšû취ϷսնսսһսЩ⽣Ӱ֤ˡͱսѡ

    

    Űߡǧ˵һսֻصƽĖ档ˡʷϵһԵ֯ʵˡ

    1916꣬ѷܵڶͳʱ򣬾棺Ӧüһͬı֤֮Уʹκͼʵʩ֮ȣ繫ķͥǰ1917꣬սʱ棺ǱΪӵսΪΡΪСȨսΪϵսΪΨ干ͬȷеİչ壬緽кƽȫĿܡ1918꣬ڹ˵ʱġʮԭ֮һ˵رԼ֮£޽ձϡձϵĿģʹСܻౣ֤ζ

    ڣڵһսԺ󣬡ձϡĹ룬Թ˵ʽ֡

    ǿƽ棬ڹԼʮԱ뻥ζԷԡԱӦŵִ¼Ḷٲûѯʣоº󣬲սκλԱвŵսߣʧȥԱʸԱҲӦ֮Ͼҵϵ»ᵱ˽ʵӦ֮зǻԱսս֮в»Ӧͬ˲ʵӦ֮

    ɴ˿ȻȫȻǡšû취ǰ취ĿԣȴҲ顣ʮʱлԱʮĸʼûм롣ǹʧܡʧܣҲѷʧܡ

    ѷ

    1917꣬ѷָûʤĺƽIt must be a peace without victory࣬ƽԶ⣬Զͬʱμ֮ϡѷʧˣʧߵʧܣҲ׷ƽʷشʧܡS. Bonsalڡδ֮ҵUnfinished Businessж˵

    ѷͳȻѾսʤ˽ѾĺƽʧܡôأƲһлعȥûкԼˡŷޣȫ綼Ҫڻ״̬ԳԵĹҪ޼ɣȡᣬԮҴӦҪԮĹҽࡣǸͬ޽һԭЭѹԼڵĺԼʹΪδϣأ

    ѷͳǲʧģ˹У˵ߡһˣǵȹԼͨʵԺȫս۵ʤΪ뾭꣬ս塣˹УӢ˹һƪΰеһ仰仰ʺĿǰͻľҽøͳ˵ĹĻ̫ˡ仰˼飺ǲӦΪδʵֶʧӦãϵԶʵֵġ

    1933꣬ͨǴձй鰸1939꣬ԷἮûʲôƲ˲ʷԵĳɼھ÷桢ҽҩ桢ƽѧ桢ѻƬ棬˲̱ϵ룬ǿʵһֵġ

    սеĺƽ

    ѷԺĺƽŬУ1925ŵԼLocarno PactҪģԼɵ¹ʱౣ֤κ֮£๥ԣսжԡ⹫ԼҪ¹Զ򷨹ҲǶ˹֣ȻνƽȻʾսŷķǷԣƽ˵ȴһס

    19274⽻ﰲʹսΪǷ̸ص˵ᳫĴﰲ俭ȣƳˡսԼAnti-war Pactǡ蹫ԼParis PactҲǡﰲԼBriand-Kellogg PactԼʮǩ֣֤໥ϵУս֤ںƽֶ֮⣬ҽ˵ķӡǣ⹫Լ׼Чʮ£ձͷ˾һ±䣬ڶսƹƹҴˣʲôƽԼɷֽˣ

    1945꣬Ϲڵڶսβǩ֡սĻҽƽϹȻǱȹϸܵġ֯磺

    һϹ밲ȫ»ԲְͬȨĴ»ȴûС

    άֺƽ밲ȫ棬Ϲִڹ

    ڱƷ棬Ҳȹ

    ϹºƽŬ¹ʷˣûʣȴ۵ģǶ˹˹ڡսƽWar or Peace˵

    Ϲġܡ򲢲ھɽɽŶЭķȨдϣҲ²ʹֵȨϹȱҪȱһµĵУǵвķӡ£κηʽܷЧܣһõġҡ

    ҿڵɳǵİɱ뱩šǡɵش󡷣˵ɵľиɻκγУֻռ˿ڼܰά򣬳ܻѹƵĵ֧֡Ȼڵɣֵ֧ȴ˥΢񡣡

    һϣ羯족Ҳڵɵľ졣ܻƵ֧֣羯족ά

    ˹⻰1950˵ģΪλܵϹƽĸϰֵǽһۡ

    ƽ

    Ϲµһһ˵

    άֹʺƽȫΪĿģȡЧ취Էֹںƽ֮вֹΪƽ֮ƻԺƽ弰ʷ֮ԭ򣬵ƻƽ֮˻ơ

    ڶ˵

    ԱӦԺƽˣΣʺƽȫ塣

    ǰһйģǴӻ桪塪άƽһǲάģǴ桪Σ塪άƽ

    йͲάƶϹµʱرȻϹĲԭƽжơֲԭƽı־ǡ羸취appeasement19389£ӢŲĽ羸Ժĵ˵һĺƽPeace in our timeǣܿģŲ壬Ҳ˺ƽŲײǲ֪ͱսѡ19391йı͡һͿսIt takes at least two to make a peace, but one can make a war.˽⣬ǣǷLamartine˵ģúƽκδ۵ĳ̶ȣPaix a tout prix./Peace at any price.ֻ߷߶

    ˹˵ϹȱҪȱһµĵСԭȻڴҶĽͲһ£ǹ˵˵˵Ŷϱ˵Ŷû

    ԾһŦƽÿʮֻ򣬰ƽÿʮֻ򣬵йƽʮ˷ֲһֻŦ˵ġ塱ǵģҪƽй˵ġ塱伢кй˵ġ塱ܺƽҪΪǵĻ̱׼˵ı׼ƽȵı׼ǲı׼ǰھӵı׼ܲһˡԶʳܸö˼˼ģ塱սʱǾҪѰҡһµĵС

    ˣ⡪Ϸ⡢ɫ⡢⡢ȵȵȵȡҲ޲ˡ

    ѰҡһµĵСڵϵ춨ƽı׼ȸѧ¡1500ѧǹ1860ѧ˻ǹ1944ѧ˻1945ѧԭӵսѧϰ棬ɼ죬ںƽѧϰ棬ȴһѧȻģӦøıѧϰķ

    ڸıѧϰķŵƽȷµָ꣬ȫһסŵƽȫҲ˷ǱѰ塣

    1982425ճ壬54ոĶ

ӰEQQȺ578505007ɵɣwjm_tcydjwuwuwu

    ӰEȺ437813363

    ֲݣɽӣwww.leeaoweb.com

    Դվŷleeao.net

    ͹///С//ͷ

