ٯ1904-1906

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ʵĶ硢綼ѧУģԺҲˡ

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ĿϽѧһλûҲѹû뵽ЩСëͷԻһ죬桰ԻͬģϽ֮ͬԣһλ˵ǡ󴫡ʱʲˣĻɾðˡߵ̨ǰ棬ðϺʦ˵ǡ󴫡Ӧǡ׾ġϵǴ

ˣϺ˵gai gaΣˣ˵ٯ׾

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ˡʫ龭ǡûСʡ£˵ûС˵ҳĿٯԿ

ųһТ˵Ŀдǿһٶ֡ˣ⣬˵ٯ

ƨɺ棬ɵĿãһֱߵڶࡣԵڶʦ˵һЩͽкһţʱ֪һ֮İ࣬Ȼڶѧˣ

νô顱ڸ˵ʱ̧ͷһ̷ˡԭһĿΣڰдĿ

һ⣺ԭձ֮ǿ

⣺֮ΪҲ֮ΪҲΪ

ڶĿǡ塱⣬֪塱ôģֻ÷ǵһĿʲôأҲŪձʲôطСӸͲ֪ô֮ǿأ

ˣȥͬѧһʶ޷˾ǶԹʦðôߡô졣

дɣ䡰ձʱ򣬾ˡһѧĲ跿߽˵ʼҪ£ҪؼҡĴؼȥڲظĿӳá

Ҫһҵ¡ķβѾĽ׶ΣͷˡСֱֵܵϡʱλŲʮꡣ

죬Ӻڸϵɥ°֮Ұ¸߶磬ԭձ֮ǿһĿӦòοһЩʲô顣ˡάʮʷԱࡷһ飬װһҴѧȥ˼Ĺ򣬲ǿһƪ˵ȥҲ塱ˡ֮ҾȻͷѧˣӢĻ껪ӢףѧֻϢۡ

һеҪת桪һʮСӣ顢徭ˮ䰵ľѣתˡάʮʷתˡԱࡷܣת˾硣ܿѧ¹ңδģΪˣ

Կж

һ÷ϪѧøΪ÷ϪСѧҪҵһࡣ˵ѧҪꡢԡ֣谺ĸ˵ϺȥԡҺ֣˶Ըȥԣȵڣ뿪ѧˡ

ΪʲôǲԸϺĿأһ֮УǶ˼ϵһּұ䶯Ϊˡҵһӵġ顱кܶһ˵ʱʱ䲻ᳫȴһ˵Ժ˲ٸӡһ죬ԾһݵġǼ˴ۣܸжҪ˵ģǵϣҹȥ֮͵͵һڴ꣬Ͷȥآݣ

һնսĵһꡣϺıֽÿźϸսţѧо˷ܡʱйۺͬձʹ޶ֶʹ˲һ꣬Ϻ˼̼ĵİӡһǸ򸣻ǹǰѲ֮Ϊ֮ǰǸɢޡһϺ̲һľбһˮ޹ʿɱ¶Ϻֽע⣻³ֵʱü̳صʱкԩϺĹ˳ֶûһܴ̼ġаоʹʧҺ֣˶޼ϺԬۣдһⳤȥʹģܾòԸȥĿԡ˶뿪÷Ϫѧˣˣ֪ ֣ǳˣٳϣҵڸòߣࡣ

˵˵ʱ״̬ڣˡġӡ⣬ʹ޶ᣬҲʹɥʧȨĹţ޵Ҫдȥ

ֵעǡ³ֵʱǡʱеġԺʵӰ졣һκҪԵֵϸ

ʱǹʮ꣨1904429գɽѧóǰ죩Ϻģǵࣩͣǳ䣨ɫǡãס⣬Ϊˡθͼбҵµ롱(11)ҪȺ׷ڹ֮Ӧ(12)

÷Ϫѧú󣬲£ʱˡʱնսʱȫĴ𶯡ǵʱļϱֽԾǳƪĹ˵ԾɱŴϸʽϰ취ʲܹʱҪˡʱ֮󲻾þͳйʶ׼һ֮ʱѧУ˲ɷİ(13)

Ϊɷ롱Ȼһľ棬ά֮ãһ֪ʢСӣӰ첻ν(14)

ֻʮ֪꣬ʢһѧȤҵʱڡʱĸȶڱ𱨶ЩϺס꣬ûһ첻ʱģҼǵһΡʱϵǵһС˵ȫݣƺǡˡҲȥӦеһҵʱѡʱϵС˵ʫʼǳƪרСӣһıʧˣ㲻֣跨(15)

֡СӡϰߣһС˵һҪĺϰߣһ洦ѵ

һҪӰǣʱİ׻С˵ڼİ׻С˵һٶȵĳһ˵ѧȤҸһպ󳫵ѧ꣬ð׻ķ(16)

ϺĵڶѧУǶĳѧãǹʮһ꣨ȣ1905¡

ѧϺһ˽ѧУҶңֳԣġҶҾʱƶѧʱʮĶأʮ(17)ˡѧá(18)

ѧõʱʮ࣬һСѧϵѧУΪʱûϸȷѧƣŰ֮Ȱѧ³ȥܹ´(19)

ʸսѧУʱ򱻱ڵ࣬ǵڶ꣨1906˵ڶࣨʱѧƲ壻κõѧԽࣩʺ͡ࡱƺԵ÷Ϫѧãһİࣻڳѧãһİࡣ

һѧһĳнӢѧⶼǰڼѧʡϲѧ(20)Ϩ֮ϰѧϰ⡱

Էûӣһⴲϣҷڱͷʯͷ⡣Ϊ°Ҫһ࣬ҪԼϰһĴ飬һѳȴϰˣ°갲Ȼ(21)

ùʹܵ𺦣һʱڣֻ伸ȫˡҺýԭʹպ⽻һŵŬIsmet Inonu(22)

ʱһҪġýǾĹʦǧλ˼¡ʣںʵĸ屾ĸ֡ɡǧںġﾺۡǮ٣ʾ顶֮55ҳ

ҪǣʦźʽӴһ顪ϸġۡThomas Henry Huxley: Evolution and Ethics 

һΣǰɾڵϸ뱾(23)ҵһζۣ˵úܡĿҲرһεĿǡﾺ棬塱ҵһƪǰУڵУھɿξѰ񻹱УڣĿȻʮСܷӣۣﾺ񡱵£ȴԴǸʱķ(24)

ʶۡʱ뱾ѾˡʱⱾԡǴּкڡ(25)ʱй֪ʶӻܵʱ(26)

֮ۡ󣬲ϼ꣬еȫѧĶˡˣ˽ڿѧʷ˼ʷϵĹס˽ֻǡʤӰܡĹʽڹϵ塣йŴս֮ڸ֮ʤӰܣ桱Ĺʽȷһֵͷȣһ־Ĵ̼֮У˼ҰһĺѪݡﾺ̭񡱵ȵ˱ֽµһమ־ʿġͷ˰ԼŮ֡¾Ǻžͬѧһﾺ棬һ÷(27)ԼҲַµļƷѧǺUһ糿Ҷһ֣һϴһ˵áﾺ桯ġʡ֣òãҺܸˣá֣֮֮֮ҷ֣żȻáʡֱٷʱ1910Ҳʽáʡ(28)

ܡۡشӰʱѾʮһˣҲʮˡλʮϼû뵽ʮԡݡۣ֮ӰСߣλСİ׻ѧΪǡ棬ֹɶ(29)

ǣϸηԺʣԺʵӰȴԶ޴ģǧϸ֮ġýһϸǺ֮ġýȴǶԺʡӰ(30)ˣ

ġۡӰ쵽ϸʹһ֮ߡ(31)˼֮֮ͨʷѧ֮˼Ҵд(32)ʹܹʵϴĺ𽥱Ϊһߣʹܽκͳͽۣܽܡһʽġ׼ķʲôȫԺһɲ䣬֮ĺ׼ٹ ȵȵĸ(33)

ԣǺ˼붨εһ㣬ʹһͲ̸ʲô壬ܹ˼룬ͬһĸʹһʼ߸Ľ·šһһεĽšһһεĸ족ʹΪһɡһصߡڼߵУ̫ˡ(34)

ڽϸӰ⣬ʱҪӰʵ

ʵĸͬ꣬Ⱥʴʮꡣ⣬áʷ泣С֣ʼйѧ֮˼롱֣˾ϲ֮͢Ͻܶÿһڵط̱ʮ(35)ֶķ£ʱеһ

ǰᵽ÷ϪѧĽܣʼӴЩʹ˼ˡһּұ䶯ʹΪʹϡͶȥԡʹһµˡ

ڣ˳ѧãǡҲ˳ѧáձܵϺϺָźʡٯ

ǿġݡ

ڳһ룬һЩ鼮ϸġȺȨۡʱ(36)̫ţӰûӰ£֮УŨֿ飬ʹ˲ܲߡܲ롣ʱǸߵһϣǰߣסˣǻ˷ˡʱǲоʧʧҲĴݣΪǴһ磬ԭָǸо㣬ԭָǸǰߡߣǹȻøлǵĺģָһδ֪Լȥ̽ѰǸøл(37)

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ҸĶݡ׷һġ˵ڶġйѧ˼Ǩ֮ơԺšй֮񡱣ֺšӡ־ҲԱɼȫ˼עһ㡣񡱵Ҫй壬ҪϴĲһʻõ(38)

˵

Ǹʱ֣ûһ˲𵴸жġʱʱî֣ҡ̬˵Ҳ(39)

˵

ָȱɲǹ¡ǹ˼롢ǽȡðաȨ˼롢ɡΡǽǺȺ˼롢䡢˽¡ʮƪǻѪϣ޵ģ֧ʷ泣СĽʣָʷ֤֯Щʹ˹衢ʹ˵ᡢʹ˸мܷ¡ƪڶʮضоħοʮܸжʱأ(40)

ǣ

˵ƪҿһ磬ʹҳй֮⻹кܸߵȵ塢ܸߵȵĻйѧ˼Ǩ֮ơҲҿһ磬ʹ֪徭֮йѧ˼(41)

йѧ˼Ǩ֮ơйѧ˼Ϊ߸ʱǡһʷ۹йѧ˼룬һθһѧʷļ⡱Ժ˵ƪ¡ǣ

˼֮󣬺ȻֹͣˣʹҴʧ׳ԺڡԱϼƪҸ˼ˡҶƪģոоٵʧһۡȫʢʱ˵˼ֵۣȴѡۡѧ˵֮ݼ䳤̵ʧȫˣֻעһڡֻ֡ˡīѧ˵һƪʼûвڶѧʱһµıһҲȫûѵʱԪᡣһѧ˼ʷмҪĲ֣ʹ۰Ͱ͵˼ꡣʧʱڣԼҰģ룺ҽι⼸˵йѧ˼ʷǺܹٵҵˣȻҸˣȴˡ

һҰľҺйѧʷ(42)

ЩǿԿԺ˼ӰǶôشӰ˺ʡպ˼ƽѧľȤڡ(43)޹ֺʮ󣬺ҪдŸҪȥݷοƽ˼֮(44)ˣ

ڳѧõڶʱѾɬͯʱתѧУ﷢֯λᡱһ˵ˣ

ڳԵĵڶ꣬ի֯λᡱһΣλ˵ĿǡԡҲƵţҲ޳ӵԶ˵ҳԡ޶񣬿ƿɶǶԵġʱӢĵĸ¶The Science ReadersһǳĿѧ֪ʶͰӦˣ˵

֮Ҳˮ֮Ҳвƣˮв¡

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ƪۺͬѧĻӭҺܵ⣬Ϊÿѧ֤ˣ(45)

ڳѧõڶʱ˵ڶࣨһիİ೤ˡΡҪѧУȡǵȨһΣΪ˰ϵһͬѧ԰೤ʸУһٿ飬һδʱĸвƽԸڳˡϺйѧ1906Ժܵйѧȥˡ

١Ϻžһǡ÷ϪѧУ·ѧž17ҳ

ں̨¼֡²ᡶ̨A塷70-71ҳž飬֮ӡŶлΪҲġҴžġ

ۡϺһʮ

ǹʮ꣨1902Ա1³İ¿ҪӰĵ硶˵顷ȵȣдġοĽι׳塷19587ְ̨棩ʮ¡

1885ģֻȺʴꡣǿʱǶλߵĳݡ19035¼Ϻͬ֡ģ·һϣǸƷĵһλʱӰձġԶġжҪáУɱʱ򣩣Ҫ򻳱ë˼ϣʮǰ֮ʯ1908£Ժǰҹ͵ⱾΣǺϡ£οųġݡ1945棬ݴ19527̨׶棬ݵ˼ݱ估йִʷ֮λࡶйִʷԿһᣬ19603ְ̨棩

ڡʷһᣨ19432棩ݡһⲿƽʵ

εк⣬ʮᣬռ弾ȺһλԱܹʼʣˣƸȷ桢ͼƪƾԣ̫ײΪ鲢УԻ޺Ͽ̡Ĵǲ̫֮飬ɽ֮ԣͽͨǳԣʺϵʱҪһ࣬Ϊ֮ơҲ

򸣻ǰˡģ֮õż̵ǹẕ̇ʮ죬ģ⣬ǱдʹԬۣοȪԡԡȪȫ¼195110̨﹩Ӧ棺ο³йʷ塷ƪ¡򸣻֮191412ӡһ档

֣ٳǺʵϺĵһѣҲĵһ磨㶫ѡڷβοѧռǡ߾ڰ򡶵֣ٳϡ1914108գռһп

׳÷ϪٳͬҡȥԺٳΪ磬ڽʮ꣬ѣϣ֮⣬ּٳϣ֮꣬δԣȿߣвɶ֮ţʮˣδΪЧѣѣ

ᰲòΪ޺ʣʹԻ֮еۣ˭֮죣˭ʵ´죣֮ǿҮŴ֮Ү˽֮Ү֮Ү֮Ү֮ŶҮ⻼֮Ү֮սʧսҮغ˭֮죣˲оֵ֮Ҳ

ᵽġϣšƷ㽭̨ˣҲĺѣڳѧʶġΪʡѱк֮ǡĬѺϡǺܡʣҡԼΪܡѧռǡĵڶʮϣʡ1914528գ

ࡶϺһʮ

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ο깫񣺡йѧʷ192711£Ϻӡݰ棩¡񱨲ʱڡ

(11)ԬƳйҵСʷ19577棩32ҳ

(12)ϺʱԵ𡷣Աʮġźϱ

(13)ʮĻعˡĴ

(14)ʮĻعˡҴǰʮ굽ʮ֮СһҪ׸лʱڡʱӰ졣

(15)ʮĻعˡĴ

(16)ڡʮĻعˡһ׷ǵʱ׻С˵׻뱾ȶӰ죺

ʱԺÿյء䡱ЦС˵ʱÿѪİ׻С˵ڵʱȷҪܺõʡʱԼҲһƪƪС˵縣Ħ˹̽ȣҲǹƪС˵һʷʱǵС˵֮У˫ᱮСҿӦЩ׻뱾ΪáЩ뱾硶ߡ֮࣬úܳıʣɵķ룬ڵʱΪáȡɽǡCount of Monte Cristoȫ鶼ߡ˶ǵһ֣ⲿйһҲһС˵ˡʱջƽȸʫһǡʱ˵ģִʫ˵ܽ飬ѡܾʫ䲻С˵֮УҲ˵ѧȤҹִйʫ֪ʶ඼ȴⲿʫġ

ᵽġɽǡǺһС˵19612Ժ̨̨ѧҽԺƲ߻ⲿ顣1961422̨ձġʲʿһģƽ̸һǣ

ƽ˵ʲʿڡɽǡǡǡһǳϲƳ磬ǶǷĺƷ˵һ죬ʲʿڿˡǡ֮˵Ҿ֣ΪʲôйС˵ûܵӰ죬ŷ޺ܹ㣬Ϊһʿƽ˵ʲʿɽǡʮʱϺʱһűֽϿһԵķ룬ÿ쿴һΣһ꣬ǻû꣬ΪʱܿӢ뱾ԾͷűֽصģӢ뱾ܹ񫡣ƽ˵ʲʿǳϲǱ飬һУܶ飬ȥһ͸÷һҰܸܶҽԺ˿ʿΪⱾ˽аҶ˵һѧӦö࿴С˵

Living Philosophiesһᵽʱ״

Through the free translations by the late Mr. Lin Shu and others, I made my first acquaintance with a number of English and European novels, including those of Scott. Dickens, Dumas pere and fils, Hugo,and Tolstoy. I read the works of a few of the non-Confucian and Neo-Confucian philosophers of ancient and medieval China and was delighted in the altruism of Mo Ti and the naturalistic philosophy of Laotze and Chuang-tze.  (p. 247)

֮֮⼸ʱ˲ٵС˵Ҳ˲ٵӰ죬Ӱ죬һС˵дⲿС˵19336Ϻ滪ֳġźԡ£⡶ʷġڵ¡Ļ˶дһʽ֮Ӱ䡰֮Ϊⲿһʷϼֵʱ壬ҳ׾ӵӰֺ͡뵱Ȼ棺

ã赽һ¥ΡҹڱͲ͵ֽԵġ¥ΡŽһ˼ֱһأʶԵܣõԵķ֪ʶʽ֮ȫѰԺиһ͵ͼ鲻ԽԳ֣һϰ

ʮϺ飬лѧáʱѾйľС˵ˣżȻġ軨ŮС˵УʼʶһС˵ңСж˹̩˾ءҸ˹ȵȵ֡ιͨУ֪ϣ˿⣬¬󡢿¡ѿ˹һ󴮵Ĵʦʹѧʼ

Ӵˣʽ֮߶йרſװǦӡˡ

(17)ǸһдġҶԡڲؤ߰˴19371Ϻְ棩г롣οĻšеġҶ

(18)ѧУϺڵż塣ҶĶٶȾΪѧáʮ߰ȥʱԵеˡ

(19)ԵʱѧƵļɿவġйʷ195911̨޶棩284-296ҳ

(20)ϲѧȤܿľزˡѧһŵˡŵĳ̶ȣܱɻ𼪶

(21)Ϻһʮ

(22)ŵŬ1923ɣϣΪ棬ռ˲ٵıˡ

(23)>ϸʮ꣨1896ģڶ꣨1898Ϊд򣬲һ4µɡ

(24)Ϻһʮ

(25)ο޾ϼס19361Ϻ棩41ҳĻݳ±衡Ĺ־

(26)had been immediately accepted by the Chinese intelligentsia with acclamation. Living Philosophies pp. 247-248

(27)Living Philosophiesp. 248ƴNatural Selection Yang˸ýС񡱡ͬһҳᵽʱ˴ġ˹˵Ӱ죬ʹͯĴádelighted my boyish heartǵйŴȻһˡӡС˵ƪһΣ

ͥʳǧˣߡ֮̾Ի֮ӣȣΪ֮áڿͺ֮졣֮ʮԤڴΣԻԡҸpҲ޹ͽСƣʳΪ֮ȡʳ߶ʳ֮챾Ϊ֮򸳪ʳ⣬챾Ϊˣգ

ִȻ۵˺ʵθڣһûиı䡣

(28)Ϻһʮ

(29)ϸܴڳѧڶʮڣ19238£ʮѧ

֪ȫݣʱѧ˵ǧȻʩ֮˼䣬Դ棬԰ܡǧ¶㡢ʡǮͬܽ紺棬ֹɶϱۣ֮ЦҲ

áдġϼ1935628򡶴󹫱ʷܿʮһڣһۣ

1921꣬Ļ˶ҵʱ겻鱨˶ֻѧͺ±ᳫ׻ġʱľѲȥԵ£ֻڸӵзɧѡڵʱźѧֻЦѧӣȹࡣй֮ɾ񲻿֪վǴѧܼ£ɾҲܴյѧڲڴˣϸԤԲ˵ûӦ顣ڰ׻ģ˵Դ˽ռܶԣ˿ˣΪ˻ζ֪£ȫݡϱ֮ЦҲ˵ʹûгΪ꡷ǹĿꡣԴӺܵʧԺѾʶȴˡ

(30)Լ˼롷ѧ壩ҵ˼˵ӰһǺ裬һǶ

ڡʮ֮ѧ걨ݡ֮ʮ꡷롶Ĵ˵

ѧҪĹףǵġ塱AgnosticismʣǺģֱΪ֪塱˵֪֮Ϊ֪֪֮Ϊ֪֪Ҳ⻰ȷǡ塱һý˵ĿѧһҪһҪʣ֪ſɵ֪˵ֻ֤ݳֵ֪ʶſûг֤ݵģֻɴɣǴԡ

ִɵ̬ȣʮӰˡ

ĵֻʮѼ֤ݡʮѼĿѧ֤ݣ˶ǧڽ̴˵һսĽ֤սʤ˴˵ʹѧľ硣Ǵĵսȷ棨Ϊಡϲսϵľ˿ѧΨһ֤ݣԴİ޵еΪ˼ź˼ΨһߡԴ֤ĺԺѧ˼ͲܲһܴĸѧϵĴ19ǰѧʵ֤壨PositivismһΪ19ĩʵ壨Pragmatismˡ

196210-12׶ءйThe China QuarterlyʮJerome B. GriederдһƪʣһۡHu Shih: An Appreciationһ˵

Many influences, Chinese as well as Western, helped to shape his opinions. From his father, a minor official during the declining years of the Ch'ing dynasty, he inherited an appreciation of the humanisitic tradition of orthodox Confucian thought, and this contributed to the growth of a mature scepticism in which he incorporated also ideas borrowed from such Western sources as T. H. Huxley. 

˵ܺӰǶԵģʵ׵Ӱ죬һࡣ

(31)ͣϼ¿ڰ˾ڣ

(32)Ȩй˼ʷ194610Ϻ棩ڶ426ҳ

(33)ο塷ÿۡʮһԺ󣬺롶Ĵ桷ԼԼ˼롷ѧ壩ġ

(34)ߺʡǡ53ڣ196211̨棩롶о19643̨棬19796̨Զٰ棩˵һصߡconservative liberal˹һߡradical liberal̲ײǸ桷ʷĻ19547̨﹩Ӧ棩

(35)ѧۡڶʮڡ

(36)Living Philosophies p. 247϶ʱˡȺȨۡJohn Stuart Mill: On Libetry

(37)Ϻһʮ

(38)ͬϡڡѧռǡ19121110գһĻ

ıʱιʿӭ֮֮֮̾ҲιΪһ󹦳书ڸ֮˼硣ʮʿ֪˼弰ߣ֮ͣ԰Ҳȥ人һٶȫӦߣ˼˼ʹ֮ʣаʮɽƿǿܳɹ֮Үʫչգȫʱ˶ΨϿԵ֮

(39)(40)Ϻһʮ

(41)ͬϡһĴӰ죺

Through the popular writings of the late Mr. Liang Chj-chao, the most powerful writer of the ageI came to know a little of such Western thinkers as Hobbes, Descartes, Rousseau BenthamKantand Darwin. Mr. Liang was a great admirer of modem Western civilization and published a series of essays in which he frankly admitted that the Chinese as a race had suffered from the deplorable lack of many fine trait possessed by the European people, notably emphasis on publicmorality, nationalism love of adventure, the conception of personal rights and the eagerness to defend them against encroachment, love of freedom, abilxty for self-controlbelief in the infinite possibility of progresscapacity for corporate and organized effort, and attention to bodily culturee and health. It was these essays which first violently shocked me out of the comfortable dream that out ancient civilization was self-sufficient and had nothing to learn from the miliant and materialistic West except in the weapons of war and vehicles of commerce. They opened to me, as to hundreds of others, an entirely new vision of the world. p. 247

(42)ͬϡֽ˵Ҵʱ𣬾Ķӵ顣ҶȰҶӵġ˼¼Ҷѧĵһġ͡ڱѧҲʱڳġЩȥѧ飬ҶĲֻ࣬ʵġϰ¼ôڵĳ¼

(43)1957315̨ձ롶о

(44)19181120պʸеĻĽࡶι׳塷19587ְ̨棩550-551ҳ

(45)Ϻһʮдʵʱ˼ǵӰ죬ֻصд⣬ȻˡʵĶ֮Ӱ˼һҪýܹ֪ˣĽܡڡ׷硷ڶڣ1935101Ϻ棩һʾĻ䣺

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