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ǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡйʷİٿȫ飬Ҳȫʷİٿȫ顣ġӢٿȫ顷Encyclopedia BritannicaͲ϶ı϶屶ȫһһǧİ֣ϣȴЩͳ֣Ͳ˽ľ˳̶ˣ

йĻƾãŴĵ伮ۻࡣھáͨսҡӡˢ淽֮ƣӴй伮Уѧÿ޴֮࣬ڷʱ±룬Ȼڻ¡

ʮҲϣ˷ʮûбķӣʮǲõģҪӶʮһʷҲϣ˷ʮһʷҲûбķӣإʷĿáʮʷҲǲõģЩͨҵĹ飻һЩרŵĲ󵽵Ĺ飬Ӧѵĳ̶Ҳ͸ӣĲϣҲ͸زˣ

£ǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡΪһУ

ǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡ峯ѧ߳׵ıʮء峯̫һǧ䱾飬ȫر࣬һľʽİٿȫ顣й̺ĹŴ伮ȫڳ׵£ϵyĹЩ£

һ㿼Xȡй伮

ۣһԵĺͶĳһĸ

дйصĴǲϡ

ġģʫʸ踳ΪѧƷ̵ȫժҪ

塢ѡ䣺ļѡȡѾ䣬Թʱ㡣

£ϸʷݻʼС˵еĹ£

ߡ¼ǵ伮鲿֣Ƿ棬롰㿼ģƫ롰ۡģδ롰ġģͳͳ롣

ˡࣻŴƷ˼룬ŵĻƩģࡣ

šͼƽо٣һĿȻ

ʮͼʾѱһУлвɫͼƬ

ʮһͼרڵ֡

ʮ֤ԭĴ

µйŴ鼮ԴйĻоˣʵṩ˼ķ㡣ойġ⡱ҪʮʮһʷˣҲطѰӵʮʮһʷйص伮ˣΪǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡΪѴ뵽ĺ벻ĲϣһֻҪһ͵ˡ

Ծǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡӦõӣ

һойġͥ塱͡塱ԼйյĸӶȤı仯Էǰ桶Žͼ鼯171ҳɲ鵽ǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡĵʮᣬȫйһרס ʮ1ҳ158ҳǡ㿼֣ɲ鵽Ϲŵձ仯֪Ϊʲôա¡ĺաͬղ飿Ҳ֪Ϊʲôաۥıա족ġաšıաǡġڵ159ҳ173ҳⲿġ֣ۡܳףȫĴǡﷱ¶׻ͨۡ顷֪ͳס䡶֪¼ȵȹ飬űȶ֪աǴӡʿȱģա˾ĺաǴա˾ıġڵ174ҳ180ҳֿɼⲿġġ֣Ƴйֶһᷢԭʷϻʵۡաһ£ôҪôˡԵ181ҳ£186ҳⲿġ¡֣ȫʵ֪ʿաߡա롱աšԡˣԪ˳ʱɱ⡣187ҳ192ҳǡ¼ʷϣҲһЩЦ192ҳԺǡࡱഫ˵񻰵Ĳ֣硰׹՛_үࡱĦɲޡȣٲʤ٣ӲǵԼѰܹ񫡣

ойķҲɴǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡеõҪ֪ӡйʷеȲ423ҳ̵֪ǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡھʮ˲914ҳ951ҳȫⷽ׵ļϡӵ914ҳ931ҳȶԡӡڹŴй۵λһͨ˽⣬ᷢԭӡйôĻôĳζôľͼ֪òӣǺܽܽ£ڹŴӶͭģ֪ʲôǲӵ932ҳ£뾵ӵġġ֣һһ𾵸ǧﾵձ֣ᷢŴйǶôӾӣӵĵλǺε󣡵936ҳԺֽһɿôĸӽӵʫ䣬лIšסŸϺȻ䡢ΤӦ÷Ң˳֮ȵȣұ׷׸ӽ𡰾ӡ939ҳǡ¡һŵС¶ˣʼй־˵ааԷһ߳ߵĴӣ̫Ϊйһ澵ӵʣǽ϶סöˡǴߡһࡣ945ҳ£йؾӵġ¼͡ࡱ֣Ӷ֪ʿΪþΪʲôþһգׯгӳʤö١

ǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡЧ֮һԿףǰ桶Žͼ鼯ԭйŴĶˣѧϣкܴȱݡǲ顱еļơ顱ǡ԰ӡͨõĶ鷽ͷβǻǸ˸ͬıȻӵٳǡʵȴ±롣

֮УʹˣҲڲŪֻ飬顣һġŽͼ鼯ɡۣڹȥйְ汾УǧʮĲᣬٵҲа˰˲ᣬйǡĿ¼ ռıаٷ֮һ鿼ֱ޴֡

ⲿһĹƣ1911Ժ¡1911ԺѧL˼ɣԭ\ءʡաĲȵȣⲿʵĹƣϧǶδΪһֱǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡֲ޴ֵëȣǰԭʮҳֻҳȻȥԭĿ¼ʮ֡´ⲿ顣ǵġ֡ǵһٲǰ桶Žͼ鼯㰴ͼκβϣ㶼һɵáԷʮŵ㣺

һҪһһǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡһĿȻɲеģһܱȫĶգ

ҪⲿһӢĸҪ˽⣬ɲеġ䲿Ӣձ

ҪⲿͲķ棨Ŀ棩һ˳һɲеģ䲿ܱ

ġҪⲿһֻסʽķ죬ɲеģģķ׼Ŀһ壩ķ

塢ϱⲿķΣ뿴һϸĿɲеģ壩ķ

ҪйŴĵظɲеģطͳƱ

ߡҪйŴͽͬ鿴Ŵı仯ɲеģߣŽ

ˡҪĹŴ״rɲеģˣŵһʽʽ

šҪǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġ֤֣ɲеģţ֤

ʮӢƴݲ岢ҳҪҵ⣬ɲеģʮһӢѧⲿžҲݵĽⲿķ

ʮһҪ顰֤еĴ֣һѰ죬еģʮ֤

ʮҪ֪ⲿԭЩʲôӡϵĴɲеģʮ̵ܿһӡ

Щǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡĶɫ

ǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡȻǰٿȫ飬Ȼݰ֪ʶȡһҡɹойĻѧߵרҵҿɹʮеǧеҪԾ£

һҪоȻʷnatural historyойġڽ̹Źой˶ġȵȵĿһǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġǬ䡱͡䡱оٷءС¡ǳ硢ơꡢѩס硢̡Լ͡ȵȣűȣһ鼴á

ойġѧԼйġա״rֻҪһǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġ깦䡱ۼڡ֧衢ҹȵȣһйءѧĲϣһһֵǰ

ԡѧȤͬʱйŴġֹһͨ˽⣬֪йѧݱôģ֪йʱ䣬ôֻһǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġ䡱һⶼ̻ýۡ

ġһѧߣой˵й˵ġҥԡ롰ξγ͡족Բǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġ䡱ᾪȣԭȫ

塢һѧߣһĹŵ佨ѧߣһйѧˣЩϣɲǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġߵ䡱ְ䡱͡䡱һֿ֣ᷢɹ㡰̡Ĳ̫ˡ̫ˣֱò꣡

Ȥʷڡͨʷŷʷɲǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġ䡱ȤġӡĲϡ

ߡ־йɽ󴨣йͤġҰ֮ġ롰ɽˮôǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġɽ䡱ڵ㣬ˮǧɽ۵ס

ˡϲ̽йġ͢֪ʵ۵ζ̫ϻʡŮ鱣ӡݡµȵ֮䣬ˣǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġʼǡٳɸõĵʹΪ֮Ϊ֮󿪡

šойġ塱ͥ͡ṹйġūƶȡйġ罻̬͡йġϡrɲǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġҷ䡱䡱䡱

ʮѧ鿼й˵ѧ鿼й˵״̬ǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġµ䡱УѰй塢䡢šˡӦȵϡ

ʮһойŮĵλԼŮı潼ࣩ֮ǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡСµ䡱͡䡱潼˵Ĳֿɹο

ʮȤǡҽǡġǡġǡġǡϷġٷЩҽѧʷʷҵʷϷʷĲ϶ǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġ䡱С

ʮѧߣȤǶѧôСݳ䡱㣻ȤֲѧôСľ䡱㣬֮ǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡУҵҪҵա

ʮġͼѧרңһѧҡҡʷѧҡ鷨ҡѧҡԼңһѺϰ壬㲻᲻Ҫǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡеġ䡱ѧ䡱롰ѧ䡱еıأԼ塢ķıȵȵȥһȥǡ

ʮ塢йĽΰѧУν̻ȡʿƾ٣Լ̻࣬Ʒ͡ȵȣǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡСѡٵ䡱͡ѧе䡱ṩⷽϡ

ʮ޾ѧֶйʳ֮ѧ˿ڡũ֡ȱ仯Ȥǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġʳ䡱ȫʷϣٷڡũɣơۡˡסη˰ƽ׼áʳ񡢽ǮһһӦѡ

ʮߡйǡ֮֪һЩǹ淶Լʷʷ֪ʶôǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡġǵ䡱͡ɵ䡱лɥ롢֡衢ͼ˵ȫ

ʮˡרҵй£ǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡеġ䡱һУӣ

ʮš編ѧҡʷң᲻ȥǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡеġ̵䡱ķḻϣϡơ嶵ȵȷѧĿһҲ١

ʮӦÿѧˣǹ̺죬ɲǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡеġ䡱ϣ۹ǳءҡõȵȣϸţһá

۹ǰ桶Žͼ鼯ɡĹãִѧƾٷ

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