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ʱ죬컹Ŀ

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Ѷ׼ӭӸײдѧУԱǣڸܵؼλˮ֣Ϊܲ̿ν֮Ӣµ̽ռٵӢۡ

¶ʮܲμӡоʻ顱the International Conference on the Social Studiesʦ˵ײǸˮ֡

ѧӿձȺĿֳȷһľŶʮʮոײ½ȷеص֮ͬʱʦǸеζԵʱеѧײĺ̡

Щӡڰʿ׷ꡰѡ˵ײ¾ǵĲ壬ݻǵĻ

ȫ̻ЭᣨNational Council of Churchesľ鰸˵ײĵӦΪ֣֮ء

Ϊ˹֮ûᡣʷ̿ϣ˱䡣

ܴСѧоθУĸ¡ɣFrank de Varona˵ǽġʹǶкͼ˼ֻǿ֡Having a little controversy is healthy. It makes people think, rather than just look, at parades and monuments.

˵ҲΪоŸһȫԵ͸ӡI don't think you celebrate conquest. You study it and try to give kids a global perspective.¡ɱʷϵﴫǵߡ

øײ˵ŮɯSpain's Queen IsabellaѰº·֮Ӣˮжĺǣû˽͸ӡ

ײӡȣҲûе½ڶӹ͹ӡŰ͡ձȺͣ

ԱʮȫоѧᣨNational Council for the Social StudiesھͽʦӦοײ֮£

ʮﻮСᡢӽĿɵĽʦǣӭЩ׼

Ϊײŵһվ֮ӹ͹һǧԪһײľ޴

λ½Զ뺣֮ݳиײУThe city of Columbus, OhioԪ껨չ

ŦԼǣBarcelonaиķһԪġ񡱣ŦԼġŮ񡱣New York's Statue of Libertyʱ¼ޡǵĸײͭһԪ÷ΪƼ¼֮ãֵַá

ЩȫΪǸִʷҳ֮Ϊ޸ֵͣΡ̰ˡ

дײмձȵһ֮Kirkpatrick Sale˵д񻰺ĵĶΧŸײThere is a tremendous amount of myth and nonsense surrounding Columbus.ƸײΪĲƸˡ

ڻ˵¿˭ԼԺδʱˣҲ׷ʱ

˵Ǹ³ĺԱĴԱܲбײŷ޵ֳ塢ūƶȡʱ塢񻯵⡣He was a careless mariner and cruel to his crew. Columbus' voyage to the New World expanded European colonialism, slavery, capitalism, and environmental degradation among other things.

½ų̨徭顱½ѧ

¶ʮյ硿Ĵѧеġ̫ʹϵֻᡱϣ½ѧ߷̨ѧν½ų̨徭顱˵

йԺ̨оˮ˵ʮ̨ȡõľǧ̨Ͷɹͽᾧ½Դǿ϶ģĳЩȡǣĳЩ˰ѡ̨徭顱ں˵ʲǫ̂徭鷴½ǲȡġ˵̨÷ȡһЩɹ飬Ǿȱġ⣬̨ҲӦų½÷ȡõľ顣ڴҶԻξ鷽Ҳ˴Ի

ѧ̫о۲˵κξ鶼հᣬȥйհнѵ̨徭Ҳֻܲȡзɽ̬ȣհᡣ

ֻڽ

й߽ǻ۲

Ѷȫҵܻǰĵ飬Լ̨ϣֱóͶʣΪ̵̨ľӪʵѲݺӣ½óרʾһ̨̽ӴĴΪطԱʵйָ߽ײ㾫Ӣġǻۡߣ̨̾ɵġ

½ǫ́ұƷ³־ɾΪ̨ڴ½γһɾ̨ڴ½Ͷ賧õ͹ط٣ʹõطֻҪ˵̨ҪͶʳʣʾԸṩŻݵͶʾ̨ڴ½ľʵڱĳֲݺӵá

־ָ½طγһȨ¹Ȼ½ĿǰľøĸǰʮʣҲô½߻ͷ·ġ

лоԺоԱʾӴĴ½ҵܾйĸ߽ײԱǵǻ۾ǣ侭òԱĿҲ̨̲ȫϸŻҲҪע⡣

޸ͺƽƻ

̩Ŷʮյ硿޽սϵڴ˼飬С˴˶Ϲ޺ƽƻĹ㷺

ʽڸ޷ϵŬ˵¾С˵ϣΪԽϷֲĽȨͳ֮ġ

ڻ鿪ʼǰ߼˵ҪɹҪ

˵ҵѻɳɹĽչ

ָ츦ϵڸȫίԱܹеΪĻ顣ͬʱʮĸսͣ𣬸ϵֹͣԮȫίԱܲڽߡ

ȫίԱʽУȨͳδܾϹලͣһ´Э顣

ϣɰ¹ͬⶩϹ޺ƽƻһƻϹڸ޺ƽڼгȨΪʼලѡ·ΪǳȥȨĴûᡣ

ȨƻҪȷ;ӲӰ졣

ɣֺͳɭ˾μ˽Ļ飬Ϲһ߼ԱԼӡ⽻Աϯ

ƽ̫

Ϊֵ

йͨѶ¶ʮյ硿׿ߣ̨塰ͳ鳤淢ѧһֻϣ״½ѧ߽湵ͨʾƽ͵̫⣬ֵáйԺ̨оˮʾС̨ۡѧܾһáԵؽиѧܴ

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½ѧ߶ķԣΪвοֵˮǿýų̃́ͬһЩ辭Բοհᡣѧ߲ʹչۡ״½ѧֹ߽ͨʾֵą́Ĳѧ߸ϣƽλС̨ۡѧߵѧҲ̨У˶ԴٽС̨ۡصѧ档

ʮꡤֳ

籱¶ʮյ硿һǰϦйƳٶ飬Լйʮꡣ

Щ

˼Ҫסйбġȫĵڶʮ±Уġëѡһļڶ桢ȫϵͳӳ潨˼ġ۵Ľ衷ռ˵СƽһŰ˶ʮһžũҪ¡ġСƽѡȡ

ʷר顣עĿйʷоұдġйʷϾйʮ꡷Լйʮר⽲ġйִʮ꡷ȡ

¼йҵ͸ǰӢģԱͼ顢顢ᡣайĹʮ꡷ʮʷйʮʷͼԼĸë󶫡ܶ桢ʱСƽƵʮλһ޲׼ҵġ޲׼ҷ緶顷һ缴ʮйʷﴫȡ

ӳʷоѧ³ɹҪ¼˽ǧġйµ䡷ʮֵġйʷǵ䡷йٿȫ顷ȡ

ܡֽϡֹͣͣԮ

ʽϴͳһ

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ίԱڹͬϹͳһʱ족衱͹ͬ׶˸ʽϴͳһ

¹ϹͬɫǳɫΪףмһɫĸ޵ͼڵͼɫдϸĵĸޡ¹޴ʡ

͹ֻǶʱʹãֱѡΪֹڸ޾ڣڸռԾɼʹøԵĹ͹衣

Σ߹ίԱܲصǸɴλ顣

еĳȫίԱܲʱɽֵڡڼһܲܲǴȵǰ޴ʹݣڽ߷ܳޡ£ͬڽߣ޵׶ڻصߡ

ͣͲȡֹͣԮЭϣϹ˵ӱ¶ʮ𣬼λ鿪ʼڣʼʵʩпƵֹͣͣԮ

ϹЭķʽϹ˵´ȫίԱۡɴҲ°ʸ޺ƽϹ۴¡Ŭ˵´ίԱԤڰѮȵǰ޴ʹݾС

ڱ˴ЭʽͳһǾһСоȫίԱѡٷ͡¸ܷԭ

ڻø޵ʽͳһ󣬸ϹһġȱϯڽŬ˵ųٶȳϯΪˣϹָȨŬ˺Ϲйػ޽ἰṩԮ

۲ָλУйֵ֧ĳ޻ЭֹͣͣҪԭǱ⡣

йںķʮǧԪľԮ޺ͳڹŬ˼˺ԸͻȻȣҪٰݵݲ˹սеġʾסɫȡΪ׵ҺձĺøУǿйȨ⣬ŻݴԼø󾭼ԮĿǰ½ڵĲƾΣ

Ŭڱγ̩ʱͻȻѺͽɺͽ⣬ã˵ڽʮһ¼ǰߡʹйƱ䡱Ŭڱġ̩ʱйⳤǮ̩Ļ̸Ȼ˱ԸòѶϢʹ̩λġ

Σ̩ڽĩ̩Ϊ˼ٽڰհѹڽʮĸͻظޡˣ̩ԸͲȡǾٳɸн

⣬̩ظǿ̩δ׼⣬ȷʵȡ׼κޣȡ˽ʹڵԮ½̸С

޷ֹйɵ

绪ʢٶʮר硿һλɢרҽָʹȡйóݹҲֹۺɵ

ڻƽֹɢƻܽܿաʷ˹˵ֹйóݹӰй׬ȡӶʹòȡҪ㡣

ͳٰһ̸ϣϼ⡣

λɢר˵ֹй֧ܶ࣬й˰óЭδһҪȡйóݹ

˵йһŰ깫֤ۺȻ˺йкתƣ͸ܹܵе˽йĹٷߡ

ָйίԱ׼һĵλʾйķŬ

սܶ򣬽ٺ³һ

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ǰ̳ظ塿µ˿쵱ҽԺһЩҽ˵ʮһʵʩóƲãʹ⵽ԼӪزв

߽Ŀ񣬷ó׽˵µͨͣɾ١ƣͲĿˣĺӵҽԺȥ˵аӤ䷽̷ۣ͸ߵʳƷ

ϲҲǲ˹սķƽʲҶɻؽͽѱĵطƵľȻûˮ硣ˮɽѾ˾ռߣ۷ѩϼ˪ʹڴμ

ͳʲϣó׽ˣʹķ̨ĵ鿴Ʋöڵ˺Զ

ȥۡסΪѾгϵļ۸ʮ

ΨһӰƺֻ쵼ײ㣬̾޼֣רҵԱ

Ϲ¶ʮգ˶˵ʳ˵ơ˹Ա˵˽ƣʲᣬԼֹʯͣʹǺѽʳҽҩֻһ֡ʯҪԴ

ϸ¹ѧһҽС鿼˵ҽԺ֮󣬶϶׶ʽܻӱΪӪʹӾ硣

¼ʲҶɻؽͽֱ˱ϲʧ֮ٶ԰

ٳٲŸģԮʹڶ뼲ʲȰǻ磬Щ˻ȥ֮ΪóƲõѹͨͶ

ҽ븺ȼùˣ̽˾ڵҽԺ֮ʾǹ۲˵Ϊθ׶סԺ˰ٷ֮ʮ壬ƺ顣ҽԱ˵Ȼ͹˳׻ӵĿΪûȥҽԺ

ͬʱ֤ʵҽڷָǾΪȾԸкסԺ˱࣬Ҫǻ̫

һžũȾĲǳ٣ȥֲÿһǧסԺԼΪʮˡͳƣġ¼䣬ȾкסԺĹһǧˡ

˵ĺը̱˵ľˮˮϵͳˮڽֵûоŷŵӴУսڼмúˮҡ˺θףԼΪˮȾĸк

ʺʮֻһʮ˵ĹСǰˣС鸺˶ŷ˵Ҹ˵Ǵ¥Ĳ߻Աû뵽ը糧ڴʳˮӦӰ죬ԼԹڽѩһЧ

ȫˮĹӦȶ󲿷˳йӦˮһǰʮ֮һĳЩУˮõȣֻʣʮĴ

ƽҽ֯Ĵάҽ˵ȻûпɿϣĳЩ֮УӪʹζ񻯡

ά˵Ҫͳ֣õŰ룩

Ʋøױ

粨ʮר硿ſ¼ɰʿɰױͶԸȡƲôʩȴԸױǵ˾Чʱʾɡ

ʹڲһ߻ϣϱʾ

ʾǿҷԸױǼߵ˵ȲδױǵߣΪʿɰ͵Ͷߡ൱塱

˵ȷŸױǽǿ˾ƶȣΪױнһսȫ֤ӵһЧ˾ƶȡ

ݱ˵ױڽ밬ʿɰһܵȫУ˽ĿĿŸױζԴĿǰڼټİʿɰ͡

Ȼ˵ԭϣױɰʿɰ͵ͥУڸױǹöΥܣ˾ĿǰƺѾܡ

޾ǹ

Զȶʮյ硿̩ʾ³ͣ󣬸޾ʹǹֻڿ̩ĸ޾żǹ

̩ګ޶Ͻÿ¾¼߻˵ͣƷͣ󽫻ʹԸعĸӡ

͸¶ȥʮһ̩ͻһһǧ˻ع򵽵ӡĿǰӪĸʮǧ˰ʮˡ

λ˵ڹȥһԸ̩̩һǧϹ߼רԱ𻨷Ϲ߾֯򻨷ǧ߰

Ŀǰ̩ޱ߾ǿű߾ó׺󣬸֮ó׾ײɱ¼͸ӪƣΪˣ̩Щվơ

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籱¶ʮյ硿߳޻й¡ؿĻġйʮչǧʷסͼƬͼȣйʮ߹ķ̡

չӭϣŽǵǣΪΪʸ־壬ǰͺ̣۲ӣ޹ɽ־ɳǣصԶǿϢ

չݣһչй֮ǰйס͵ʫ顢ȡڶݼ¼йԺʮһȫǰʷչУй̽簮ʿףȫҵ˽Ӫë󶫵ıϲţйɺ޵ʿ׸й˴󡱵͸й쵼˵ĲʯƬܶʾӡϹ׼׸ȡرעĿǳһ쳧רëֵĸóʯĵƴ󿨳־йҵ𲽡ݷӳйĸ￪ŷŸáƼƵȸĳɾ͡аշСǩȫһݳаͬй״ηͨѶģ͡šػģ͵ڵļȤ

Ȩʿƣһչӳй쵼йʮһֳء⽨ƶйΪһٲʢйʷӶʾй쵼·йѡ

ʷǰĻ

¶ʮյ硿ͨйѧԺоԱġʷǰĻһ飬ݾ׷ʽ

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ɸġʷǰĻһͼĲïһоʷԼʷǰ̨ϵҪ

רҺгָ

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ǴֻɹԺչгͨйԺóоĴʡѧԺϷٿһλרҡѧԼԱᣬڴ˼

רҡѧΪй˱ȽصĵͲŷָƻ˾еͳһԺЭԣʹ֮Ͳ֮ҪغƷ˲ҵṹԴЧʡĴʡԺԺԼԺоԱܵгƣڡ񾭼úᷢչʮ滮͵ڰ˸ƻҪͷչȫͳһгӦȡʩгָΪȫͳһгɨϰ

λϻȷʶƻгʼعϵǽͷչгϵҪǰΪͷչгϵȷҡгҵ֮Ĺϵ˳лơ

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ȪҥƷ⣬ֻеݳǻۡ顢ຣȵͯҥݳ׵Ľơ׾׵İ׷̾ϺȻĴȵĹʫ񳪺͵ʫ־ĦɳӴعԴ˺еݵıӵȵݷḻʣϲֵǧҪⳡʢᡣ

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סլڵĲҲӺڲۺǰ£ÿռ䡣һסĿ֮ңӵһԼʮƽ׵Ϊңһˡƽ׵̨

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ʯ־פ׹߰¶˸ճ潼˹ᡷͷԱǮҹΣʾȨβҹе

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ΪֹȨָԤ뷢չȽҶƶطȨĹţ޷ȫ͵һֱĽй׽ķڽУԱǡȵ桱ߣ

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⣬ͳݺӦձʿգöԪĳδȻشۣʲͳĻųŬŬþ빫ܴ˽˹˾ɻҲĹ

һŰ˩ڼ䣬λڸ󲿳漰ȨζȴְϹ˾ۼҽԳư˩Ϊ̰ʮꡱʲ̨һǿҪַֹ䲿ǮҹŬŬ¼ķʹš

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ԱΪѡʽļ󶼳νжίԱᡱ֧ߵ׽ɸûᱣܣջۣԽԽ࣬ѡʱռƣ²ѡ˽Ŀ٣Ҳγǵ

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Ŀǰκηɹ淶Ǯιҹ£ΩпڴýܾȨţʵϣ۽ⷽҲ൱Ҫá

ʿ֮Ѫ

ռڼ䣬Ű֮ɱĿ˲ɼٸߵĹУʮ˹ºĬ£Younis MohammedΪ֮һͼʾĸΪϷأͷĺʿ֮Ѫ磩

ս

ʮļկսͣ𣬱ܿʼ̩к̸ͼΪʮڽ߸ĵõĵƬʾλӪ֢״¶ͯս֮İ˰֮һѡеĳƱ۹͸ġ磩

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ʷΪʱһСһ󷴡ĹתΪɽй͡ء̨壩ĵԺԵĶһŰˣһʶˡ͡ɽˡĲͬʵй½ҲͬдģĶ峯ķң̫ƽǷǡй򡰺ϹĶǷ˶ʶ˹㶫˺͡йˡĲͬʱġ̨塱ַΪġȪϵеɱѡǷֱַγɡ塱Ȫ塱ͼ塱Ƕʶ̨͡塱Ĳͬ

׼ʶ̨

ʷʾ֭Ҫصֲ̨֣ġʶ̬׼֡վ̨ʱ̨ʿ׼һ˵ǡΪͳ̨һȺмӣӣų¸ķ⽨йͳΪ˵ʶȴᶨΪԼǱй½һڵߣȻ־ٳˡȿȻʿ׼Ҳվڱ˵ԲȡӢսˣҲһʿԱ⻧˵ˣǿȻ̨壬̨˴˿սһƬʵжաžţװƷԼĽ׼۵㡣

ʵվ̨ʱʿСҶ̨廰˵ʳų߷һƶʵ֮顣ʿǮƣߵȻȽ϶֤࣬ʿ׼ų̂屾ʶֻз⽨йʶ̨˵ĿǷֲʲô׼ġͬģͶձ̨ɱԼ̨ͬģҲʿ׼λ̨һšʿһå޲׼˵̨屾ؿʶ̨󸻺ʿ̨Ϊձﱸɱ̨˿˵Ҳ̨屾ʶԽ׼̨ʶաйʶǺ޵

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ʷǲվ޲׼ũʿ֪ʶӣΪ̨ĻЭڵ֮ԲܳɹΪ롰йй̨塱뺺塱̨֮ʡ̨һڣ̨忪ߵĵҲ̨Ҫɷ֡׷֪ʶӶȥνѪԵϵҲйĳ˾ţȻˣƺ̨һڵĿն˶ӦóɹŶԣΪʲôȴҲ֪ͬʶĻЭġ뺺塱͡йһʧ

ʵճɰ֪֮ʶӺ͹ũ֮޹أҲ롰йʶ̨͡ʶ޹أձ֮ʢ˥йأɰһƵ֪ʶӡйأũȻǿ֪ʶû֪ʶӵ쵼ܳɵʲô£͡μˮǰ빤ũнϵ֪ʶӣҶšйй̨塱лߣȰʷϽһ׷֪ʶӵ뷨ɣ̨ʿûиͷˣΪǼȫ֪ʶӣûмũҲ

Ȼ̨ĻЭڵ֪ʶӵľˡʶ̨˹ũͬôµΪ̨֣塱ֿɷΪֲͬˣ֪ʶ塱롰ũ塱ƺٴһʿ塱ò֣ʷ˵ϵ̨ˡе̨˶δȡԭסϵ̨ˡĻμӡһ˿ԭסϵ̨ƺֲڡ̨塱ˣȻμİꡰ̨塱γɣǧƵ̨Ϊʲôȴ롰̨塱ںϹͬμӽ˶أʲôأԭסϵ̨˵ı־ͳƷʷ̨̨۵㣡

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ʷôѪⱾʹ˾ģ߸˶ʷ˽º˸Ҳһ𾴡ϧ߻ħѪڡ׼͡塱ϣʷлῴģϣʷнѳ̨

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ʷֵ̨ʿѧϰģķۿվ̨˵ĹҲ̨ʿǷȱġд󺺼̨Ĺң̨쵼ߣ̨˵̨˴Ȿװ׵ձӳѪܵ۸ѹ̨ˣΪʲǫ̂ʿ߽У̨ͳꡱ̨ʷΪʲǫ̂ҵ۾ʵأ

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Ϊܵձ֮ʣʷôʲٲܵĵӰ졣ࡰôѳ׷š䡱ˡëѺȼΪɬľ䣬ӦΪйʽֲŶԡӲҪѡܶΪܶࡱʵڸǲʵҪ

⣬ĩԳɹݱʵ۵úɽʷȻ˵ǣ׶֮꣨ϾԳɾݣڣֳ˼ڣ˶һ˵ִﳤݣؽԳɾšãɽռ꣬²ҸôԳֱΪҳ죿˴ٰʱв֮

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ݶũҵ٣Darlington, Md.˽ϣ¶ʮվС˻ᡱthe Nude OlympicsμӽѡֶǧˡͼмëΪӮýĹھ׶˹John Luke Millsڶƨɽܼ߷֮ͷ

ͼȻ鿴´½ƺδΪǧ徺ɼĳЩϣ·ʵڲֵôС֡

ǣ̨庣ϿԽеŮ潵ġη߼šԽҪϵòȻļߣԽҪá绯ñͷҿۡ֡ͼƬ֪Щαѧ֮ͽǷ΢򣬸Ĺǰǣۣ

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ȥ֮ǰ۵˵вҪɻ𳵡Ϊʲôأ˵ɻ׼ʱɣڻ֮ܺࡣ

˵뿪Ī˹ȥʱľǻ𳵡Ա˼ŮʿҲΪЭᰲǵг̣ǳ˻𳵳θءڵصķɻ׼ʱǲԸڻҹ龰˼̹ʵ˵

ڳ𳵣˵ǷԸģһ·ʵҲԿ;⡣

վʱȴ˼һԭһӦҹʱʮֿУȴʱʮֵվվÿƼûпɿĵط̹ǣѩ׷ɣСʱĥ˼ˣֻϰºͿǽ˾ȥһҿȿȣůǲСʱûҹһЩѴȣòײҵһСפ㣬˾ʱŻصվϿȥյĻ𳵡

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ʱ䵽ˣ˻𳵣ͷϯ̣һҡ

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ůģ԰ȵ˯һˡгŮԱһλĵŮɣòк˵Ļ϶ŮԱŮΪࡣ

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Ƕ˼ĳ֮һһһʮ£ɶ쵼ĸɹȡȨڶսڼ䣬ձ¾ΧŰ죬ڼ֮£ֵֿսӢ۳гƺţȫչ߸л˳ƺţؽա

죬Ӣ۳Уǻʮ˷ܵġ֮

Ĵǵʱ

ĴǹٷĴó׷չŷޡսԵ˾ǰĴǳƽʵһ

Ĵǹȥһжŷޡ˵ĴǷ·һͬ޸ĵ죬ŷ֮Ʈڣ޾

ĴȸıޡһŰ˾꣬鴴̫ú֯Ĵó׾ϯ˹ǸߺĴǵġʱѾ

˹ΪǰĴóгռĳܶٷ֮ʮ࣬ԶŷӢͷ޼Ԥ⣺һž꣬޽ռĴܳڶİٷ֮ʮ壬ԱǵĳܶһԪгʮԪŷʮԪ

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