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Ӣ

ӡƱӡϳƱͣһƱ

׶յ硿Ӣѿʼ޳ɹ֮ӷڣMichael Faradayգķִ½յĻ

һ߾һ¶ʮա׶ؿѧݣLondon's Science Museumտйطڷֵչչ¡ӻбߵ΢¯һԷڵķΪ

ʼܾѷзƱӢշзФֵʮӢ³ȡɯʿФ֮ɳҵϳƱӢʷϵĵˡ

ѧݳɭ˹Neil CossonsԤչʱ˵Щ¼ʾڿʼϹȥӵĿѧΰˡThese events mean we are at last beginning to recognize great men of science who in the past have tended to be somewhat overlooked.

ڿѧݵڴһڵ񣬹ŸӦȦthe induction ringھøӦȦﵽзеߡ

ѧݵ̲α˹Brian Bowers˵ͭһȦϣһͭϲϵһϲݵĵ粨ԣȦʵΪϣһбֵ춨̵ִĻHe bound two coils of wire on an iron ring and found that making or breaking a current in one coil produced a brief pulse of electricity in the other. The ring was therefore the first electric transformer and the discovery forms the basis of modern electrical technology.

ڷΧŶʮֿ÷ڵķճþߣаһ⡢Ӱȡ

ʼҿѧоthe Royal Institution˹ڣProfessor John Thomas˵ԣ˷ڵѧеʵ飬ЩСThomas Edison remarked that reading about Faraday's experiments in electromagnetics inspired him to his inventions.

Ϊںϡѧõ֪ʶpromotion, diffusion and extension of science and useful knowledgeһ߾ž괴֮ʼооԱʵĵطȵǶ¥֮ҡ

ѧչԱι۵ѧͯڷֵĸƷʱǵ⡣

ڱ˾ǳĻ˵Ҹ˹Charles DickensġҳHousehold Words־ϾͳشĶߣӦȥYou should go and see him yourself.

װ굱ѧͽʵȤѧʱġ

һ¶ʮʽᣬھ¶ʮ¾С

ѧҷϼ

ȷ̳ظ塿ѧһϼĻشҽѧչϣҽγܵĻ˽⡣

ֻͻ̬һ˻󣬴νX֢ȺҽϼĽרҷ֣˻֢൱ձ顣

ķ֣ҽܺϳϼҽµϼԸ߱ʵĴX֢Ⱥ壬ǰϡ

ҽѧཫʹоԱڱϵ֢ȺĻߣȥ໼ߵ˻ΪϰһΪԱ֢߳ʱȱ¡

Ŀǰ֪ÿһǧУÿǧŮһ˻ôX֢Ⱥǽɹ֢֢ÿӤлһ˵ɹ֢ɹ֢Ŵ

X֢Ⱥ֢״ɻѧϰϰὲж

ȻĿǰûзҽúֲѧ˵ȷ²ĻǽϸӰܣԼеȱݻϵչо

ĿǰְĪѧҽѧԺĻҽ˵X֢Ⱥһ˽ļȻҽѧйּۣûһ顣

ҽµо棬µ׳ġϸ־ϵء

ҽ˵ͬŶԴX֢Ⱥĵʵ״͹ܣһЩ˿ֵкüͬ൰ʵʣʾһոµķʽϸڽĵʲӦ

˵һַǳĵʣṹǳ⡣Ƕû˽⣬Ľṹʾֿԡ

Ү³ѧҽѧԺŴѧСƽڱ˵XŴ̷湹һ⡣Ŀǰҽѧȷڵû򡣱򣬶ǱŴǣҽѧоܴİ

ҽ˵֪̥֢Ⱥļҳѡ̥ǾУҽй֢ȺɵӰ졣

˹ٱմѧҽѧԺŴѧױ˵µо棬Ѯѧ־ߵı棬ʾѧѾһ֣⽫ڿо

ѧ˵ĿǰֵЧǣѲһ϶ֺ¿ܽ򴫸һ˫ǰϡ

ѧҽŴϻоɸѡ̥ŴȷȱݵļĿǰҽͬоܹϴXʵĿ壬ϣܽҵһָסеϷ

оóɹĻȫҽԱͿֿѸټ̥ϸȷϵشĵǷ쳣㡣Ž룩

΢ƹǴ

Ѷ¡ҽԺ΢ʹһʹʮĻ߻ÿԺ

¡ҽԺָ׵ͻƳɵʹҲͨ˵ĹǴ̣ʮʷҽϼߵĽĿǰ׵г൱ĳɼĲ󱳲ʹԻûˣٷ֮ʮϵˣԻظԭλ

¡ҽԺƣʮ¿ʼ΢׵гʹ΢£ԽŴ󣬶ǿ˿ԽСһϣͬʱΪ֯٣ʹгѪ٣˿ʹᣬ̲סԺڣظ˿ϺҲϲӰ졣

¡ҽԺҽʦ˵Ǵ̡һ˻ԵʮϵˣϿXƬϿ׵йǴ̵γɣʮϵˣߴٷ֮ʮϣо֢״ֻΪֻеǴѹ񾭿ڵ񾭸ʱŻʹ֢״

ұʾڶʮ굽ʮ֮׳꣬ʹԭǡ׵ͻ֢ҲһƵǴ̡һˣȽϻԾأһ׵ͻƳѹȵ׵񾭸ʹ

ʹͨоҵ±ʹʹŴȱࡢ쵽űŵסʱʹ´޷·˽šصĿɵ´СʧȥƣŰȫʧ޷·ʱߵż

ױ̫չڶ׶

ڹݿʮյ硿ױǺ̫е̫ˣչ̫֮õĵڶ׶ҽѧоվĿѧҵ̫֮һΡԻ͡ĳɾ͡

ֿѧоƻĿѧһܵ绰ʱ˵ĿǰΪֹѾԤеÿһ飬ڻǰСݺĹѳ֡ҲŪõ̫ռƻˡ

ױǺٰ̫ʮߵ̫չʱָӹٿ⿵ŵʻ˹̫˽һҽѧ飬Խһ˽̫״̬еӦΡױǺ̫̫Ůԡ

ʮһ̫ǵһЯŮԽ̫գҲǵһδҽѧоҪĿǽһѼйӦ̫״̬ϣԱ˷̫еѣ֢⹦תԹʼٵ⡣

һΪⷽ϶̫˳̫ջǳҪҺ̫ƻ˽һ̫վʱ̫˽̫վгͣ⣬̫Ҳкʱ̽Ǻķ

̫ܳΪӢûʯ

Ӣ塿Ӣʯ͹˾оοʾ̫ܼܿȼһ£ΪӢõĻʯ

ӢʼһѧЭһʮ˵úȻȼԴļ٣ʹӢʯ͹˾עתԴ

ʾŷڵ̼⻯ΪҪɷֵԴϳΪࡣÿڶϳڶǧŰԪ

Դ뼫ЧҲȾչδ̫ӦԴָȥʮУ̫ܵķ͡

ʮǰһ׼̫ܵһĳɱΪһһʮԪĿǰʮԪµļʹ½ĿǰӢʯ͹˾ڻﱡĤȡ̫ܵء

ʾһʹ̫ܼ۸ٶȼ롣̫ܼ۸ܸ½ȼϾ

ƻ̫õⷽʽˮֽΪ⽫ΪȼϣڹҵС

ҲԤ⣬δӢľҪΪҪɷֵԴ̼⻯ΪҪɷֵԴ

Ӣʯ͹˾̽һϣĴԴһīɫ쳣ԭ͡ù˾ίһʯͺȻ˾ίŷŵ̽ԭ͡

˵ԭ̲ḻȼǵ΢״ʽúΪ١ͬʱԭ京򣬵׳ȥ⣬ԴԭΪȼ辫̼º룩

ձ޳ɱ

ڹ綫ʮյ硿ձʱ챨ձһʮһʮսеһУܷõձ޳ձɱЭ֣޳ձɱμϹƽ

˵ڻشʾǧһʮУٷ֮ʮ޳ձǲ⣬ЭĹңٷ֮ʮձǲӲû

ͬʱٷ֮ʮܷ޳ձμϹսƽٷ֮ʮ˷ձ

ձһֱΪɱΥձսսܷ˹Σʹձ¿ձܷĽ͡

˵ձһһ꿪ʼ״ձӵĹʽɫ⡣

Уܷձ޳йصά״ٷ֮ߵΪձӦΣٷ֮ʮΪĿǰհԼձ

һ״ǩհԼԱձ޿жΡ

ܷнٷ֮޳ӹѣܷΪάĿǰʻ١

ȥ꣬ձԼΪһʮԪռðٷ֮һҡ

鷢֣һձܵԣ׼ͦǵĹҡ

һȫǧձˣаٷ֮ʮлӦ

Լŷзչͬߴɹʶŷȫͳ

ǲ³ظ塿Լ֯ŷлԱⳤǣ۳壬°ڸ籾ġ»ᡱⳤУЭ山Լŷ֮䰲ȫⷽġϷ򡱣ŷйڲӰ챱Լеľ·ϵԭ£չŷеĹͬߡ

ıԼ»ر˻𱬵ĳͻ档Ӣȴ֧ߣԷΪ׵ŷйɫĳ鼯ţԴЭе⣺һŷҿӵȫܣŷ˰ҪʱչͬһǿǿŽıҪԼԼ·սŷаȫƻĻԡ

һǰԼڱȾıԼܲͬŷΪɵġѸٷ⵽żаաⳤƣκӦŷмƻеġˡӵаȫʾڼŷפͬʱӦŷ˷չŷеľֲ֯Լ޷ΧȱݣٷƲ˹¼нӦԴʱ˳Լָϵͳһֱŷ˵ļܹŷľȨΧ̬ǿġ

Լⳤ»Ĺʾ֧ŷɫҲǿʮŷްȫܹ·չµĶϵȻŷްȫԪĹ룬ѯЭɫԵõ϶£ɽԴϲЭȥΪıԼ֯ʼս¾ơ

УԷǳȷ϶ŷƵĵλδμӵıԼһָϵԽе˹Ϊʵϣѳʮŷһֱδ߱ŷмƻĿǰͳŷвԡ廯⽻ˣŷ̸н׶ΣԼⳤ»İţΪŷŷ˴ţŷȫͳϡ

ԴӻɳԼ֯ɢСŷҶԼʾáݿҪ뱱ԼЭϵҪնĿǰڲƣһǷѳֲס籣ɵƣԹȥɳ˹ħơԼ»ر𷢱жŷҺϵʾԼսԼܹ֤κζŷƣоնİȫԸŷްȫϼǿ˫Ĺϵϵ߼ԱĻãáƼϵĺͬʱơκֱѹȻвСŷҰȫͼܵԼֱ֯ӶĹСҲʾԼҵİȫȫŷ޵İȫϢϢء

Լ֯뺬նڵСŷ֮ϵȥ¿ʼ磬ǰɳԼɴפȾ˴αԼⳤ֣Ϊǰɳ֯һΪ·ҲΪսŷ޴½ƣµ

ͷ

ɻɽԭлɽƮͼʾһҳ³չ۳ϣ³ĳͷǱ磩

ѰĻ

¹ѧïой½ִ

粨ר硿¹ѧïαһɴ˾ģйй½ִоƻĻ;໥ӰĹϵ̽й½ִ

ִоƻʮ˹飬ΪĻо;о飬й½ʮĸܵײĵƣйй½ĸоڸĸڳڷչпϰһйĻͳִãͬʱҲҳйĻͳŷʷྶͥԭ

ĻоƻϵͳĽܣһ߾йʵʩ֪ʶй½ִۡЩй˩ũľáξ߶൱Ӱۡ˼봫еعһйܵѹȣԼҪ͸ģȺ˶ĽһľйȨ

ϵͳĽܣĻо黹ƻԾֲصȽϵķй½ѧ硢硢ѧԼѧ˵硵Ľۺ͸ĸｨ顣

о齫صой½ĸ߾չУĻͳӰĸ⣬ойδͳйʮ꾭ڼ侭÷չоԵΪǰᣬһԪƹҵ˼룬ǿļȨҹŵ쵼磬ԼھϺ᷽γɵĽɷζֽ׼ìƣص

(һ)뼯ȨطȨĳͻԼйߺ͸޷ƽⷢչã

()ҵũķչԼҵй½̬ʹͳṹĳ

()ĸﵼĵʡϽĹҵ˵⹦ܣ

()ѧҺ;þ֮ϵһֳ൱̶ȵĿϹһʾ԰ѴͳϽ׼ƶȵ

ʮλרѼϼ棬¹ŷ޹ҵѧԱԼйѧԺĴѧкоƻïʿΪ¹³ѧϵйѧڣαʲʿǵ¹͹ооԱ

庣̽Դ

ѶΪʲôҪк

԰ĻоĻֹСУ˵˰庣ǰˡ

˵庣Դִ˵

˵屾סΪŭ񣬱úˮʱֻһں񡰿۵¡ı£ȫŲ̛嵺̨己ܺΪ˸Ķÿ뺣һΡ

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˵ˣ˵ĺҲΪһֲ

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Ѷذ꺣ڻڸУ񡰿۵¡ӣʹǽ겶ա

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ʽ󣬰ӷ׷º㣬㣬ֳʳá

弮̨ʡԱʸ˵ǰں磬ҪںֳòͣҶƳɵʢҶŷˣƳɵıӺ׾ƣҲƳɵĲͰͰװƽʡ

ʸ˵׶νУǼʽͲ㣬ǻܾ

˵һɫǷﰢ徴͵£˲ĺ㣬ϵȵһҪ곤ĳ߳ԡ

ʸ˵ʱʱ˵ʹҪ˻ؼҡ

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оȫʮ󿪻Ϊ衢׶ء³άҲɡߡ֡¼¡ķ˹صͻʢ١

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Զյ硿μȫֻרָǹЭԱڲδ⣬ȻȫвڴΪĻУδгвΪΡ

İȫרһΪս󣬴˵µǿȨΪæӦԼ⣬ϾˣֻԸڴ˵䵱һȶɫ

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ɱıܳ͵˵ΣǷ밲ȫĶǹЭףǱִ߽аɳȺȨ⡣

͵˵սҲһ󡰲ԴڵжϵشòԸˣеĽ취ĿǰȻңڡ

ΪֶңȻɧŶǹЭֹңң͵Ԥ⣬ܽꡱ

ʿ˵⣬ڲ⣬ҲǴ˵ؽһ⡣

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־岻ãӦԽͶξҪйɳҽȥڸβһ꣬־Ӿ磬йɳಡרɵҽϸ¶ʮ־ΣԽͶǴԼפԽʹƽҪҽʮհʱйר˵ڶҽƶӣʮգൽڡʮһգҽѧרƽ⽻˾ͬרͼҩƷ˽־顣ڵϻرܶ㱨

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־ֹͣйҽδһϣ˹һֱ˴ԼСʱʱʮ߷ֹ֣ͣȡʮйҽԱж־Ϲ°ʧʹޣȻ˳ԽͶȫξίԱйҽԱһһл

ΪܿԽϹգԽ־ʱ乫Ϊա賿ʹԼԽ⽻ά壬֪ͨܶΪųҶӢΪųйŽǰ䡣רʱֺڡʱάԼʹʾͬ⣻Ϊ֮ԱԽδõ׼Ϊڱ־壬дˣŽհݡ

Ϥʹݵ籨רѽԽϣʱо԰ƻǰʵֺʱ˶СʱԽ쵼˷ͬԪ׵δڻӭӡںڷݣͬԪ׼ʱʧʹޡ˵ˣˡʱʴǰϯ䡣ʱԽ쵼Ҷ˧ҽԺհ˺־壬Ψһ־šһлع

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о飬ʮһԴ棬ˮѡ

òƼұʾ̨ˮԴȻḻʵӦõˮԴ࣬ϺӴȾأȱˮ꽫Ǿ÷չһ⡣

ƼұʾмڴˣҹӦ罨ˮԱΣ֮ʣнӦ

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͸¶ʱҵСС㶫ʡеųԱȺ֮⣬ĿǰҵҲ׼ͷһ侳С

ʾȥĴǰĿĴռһı

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Ϻ¾յ硿ܣйʮԼʮʽּڽ·״ĺƴ󹤳ʩѽβڿ󹦸ɡѸ첿ֿʼʾЧ

·ָӲԱ˵ʱḶ́Ϻա㽭ա·漰ϡ͹㶫ʹĳҡ

йĻũҵֵܲռȫ֮һ·߽ռȫʮ֮һΪй·æŵĵõ·߳ڴڳɵ״̬Լ˾÷չ

йһŰ׿ʼʵʩǿ·ش滮޽İʮߡ߰ʮ︴ߺʮ·ʮ߸͹Ŀʹ·Ľͨϱһڶͨһڶͨӥ̶⸣ͨǿ뼯ӥ̶Ҫ·Ŧͨɢ

ݽܣȥ״ѽʮپʮ幫šʹһžũĻ˽һŰ˶ǧİʮ֣ڲһٰʮһ֣˶ǧʮ֣Ϊ磽·Ľ״á

·ָӲĸԱ˵вʹȫѾ÷չ·ܵ״ֹ滮µشĿʹ·ơձϡϵǵش㽭غû··ԽʮּޡҲޣ˽·ʽҪѡ䡢ҵʺʵ;

½ƼԱδóַ

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ͳݱÿһƼԱУʮĵ˵װ˷ѵˡûеõַӵԭΪ߱ռٷ֮ʮʴ͡㡢쵼ŲءҲҪءΪЩ൱ĳ̶ϣͶٺͿ֯ɵġ

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֣ƣ̨½óѸٷչ̨ڴ½̱ꡢרҲ࣬ǰ̨꣬ע½ֱ̱ΪʮһǧʮһǧŰʮרֱΪһİٶ;Űپʮ̨̱ꡢרӣȨҲ֮ӣйרۣ޹˾ͽӻ̨ר̱Ȩʮ

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֮ڽ̣Ӣ˱ߣBenthamΪ׶ֶMillĹ壨UtilitarianismţÿһƶǷΪ裬˿Ƿܹ˵ҸܣӦ֮Ҳǲ÷̵Ĺܣνֻ֮˵ʹŬƣܵڽϸߵĽ׼ֹĿԼвƽȵһ׽ͣͬʱҲͽײһֵþȵϣܰ״ǵֻ֮˵ĿŶжߣνܵڽϺõĻӦǲҲ̫ʵˣʹôΪѻ۷ʦڶ˵ġҪ棬Ҫ֮£ԭʼķ̾Ƿʧˣھеڽ֯˼ҷ̩VoltaireΪ֯ڽȺڽӦһָ˶ĳ˼ǹľڳݡ仰ӦǶԵģǿߣ׳Щר֮ҵ̡̡̣Ȼ֮ҵЩ֮ҵĶȴһЩ޷޸ȨΪҪ֮ҵʽʽЩȻǺõģԡӡԣֻʹǸԶѡѧղķʿJamesͶDeweyʵ壨Pragmatismǻ֪ʶǸĹߣһձ֪ʶˮƽҪΪʻԴζѧġҪҵΨԽһ;ʹ޷޸ʹǷģ˵Ϊ㣬ᣬ;ڽ̺ΪֶΡŮ˽ģеļ⣬ˣӦõ㡣

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ִ֮Լڽ̣Щǽ̶ȲЩڹѹأԼУٲȻһ֡ʱ֡ڽ̵ҵĽͽǣëǡƺҲڡäˣҪ飬ֻдӽ桢˼뷽һ֮ǰ;֮ϣҪȻҲҪЧŽ־ʿܣȨЩɣһžһ¶ʮգ־

P.S.ڴ򱻱ˡ򡱵Ķ˵Բ

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