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    йѧǣϸҪʲãԼҵȥ첹ʱ˼©϶ıѧĸྫĸ(13)

    ϶ĻûдʥȥȵĺеǣΪʲôѡƪϱʾأΪƪտնԴĻɳ߶Ļȱ˽⣬֪֮˼ַͬ棬ŵĴƩ˵ʮѧ԰ʵǻһƬ⻰ָ̨ѧ磬Ҳųָ̂ġ֮󡱣Ǽֱǳ˵Ρдƪ۵ֻ֪ѧȵȣȴûһλѧƵ֡ʵڹѧĵλڹѧĵλҪйѧ׷棬ԶʤشԴһܳȼѧ԰ͼʿά˹̹ӣԼйӰټҺͳ½ܼݲ㣬һӢţѧȥڣӢˡͿһѧѧֽؽţԭǹѧѧʿּʵݣHao Wangѧ˲֪Ψд۵λڰԨУһ֪

    ˼ӻĻɳ߶Ļȱ˽֮УǶڡ֮ǰ֮󡱵йĻҲ֪Ƽ͵ԼũֿڿĻ۵ӦöáТ޺Ϊ󡱵ĵȻʮδȢкǲТūţڹԱĿǺ飬ʹ񵳹Ϣ飬Ϊ˵ҲӦþܲʳڣ岻ڹ֮ǾǲңҲТ̸ʲô֮һ棬Щѧͨѧ±ΪģҲԼũöࡣֻһ־ĦΪһ˶֪־ĦǸȫʫˣȴ֪ԭҲǹ־ʿһһ꣬Ǹʮ꣬ȥ˴ѧѧ̫ƽдµһŸ׺ѣ

    潤֮֮ĦĦӡ

    ֮ıϯߣüޣ㲻ߣ֪־Ħ֮Ҳչѷˣ絷࣬Ұݣ൶꣬ά֮ϰdԡգĦ֮Ҳ

    ԻĸڣԶΡΥĸ֮֮ǣᰲֶͿ࣬δʹ䲻ߣС˴Ҳܵҵ֮˹֮֮࣬ᣬ֮Сڣ轣Ҳ鮣ͽȻգΩԻ֮ʹ־֮ʿҷԴڰأ֮ɣl֮룬ɱӡ

    ֮꣬ƿ˳˷Ϊ֣Գ֮Ŀ֮㱯ʣ֪֮Ҳ֣

    ҹ䣬ɺѧߣ䷴ҲŹ֮ʵҵ֮Ͷɢ֮ߣ޺Ҳߣ޼ѧҲãߣֺԮѰֱߡǹ֮Ҳߵǣ־ʿ²ֱ׷ܷ֮ܣǻѭ;ĺᲩ֮׵Ч֮ѣ֪򲻵û֮쫣ʿ粻֮롣

    ν갮ߺ磿֮ڸлѣȻԶ 両Ҳ񲻿ȻΪΣĿģδȭ죬Ȼ䰮֮侺ѧ飬δ˼ѧҹҡȻͽѣ־˽Ӫ֮ӡְ֮գ˼֪֮Ϊߣݺֹ֮һӢڰ֮ʿźߣý㣬̷һľ֧ϣӹӹԾĪֹ֮úǿӡ

    ѧ֮Թʣȷ֣Լ˷֪֮̽ѧ֮Ҳ֣ӡ̱ΡգԼ̰ܡηѶ壬裬ڣƤɥ䱾˹У̰壬޼ɣ־£ί絳ˮ£ĺ磬ҲɵöҲ֮ɣԻԴˮΪӡҹԻȷ֣Լߣ赼֮ҲׯԻԻ⽻Ҳ

    ȷκΣϣϰڣԳԲۣˣׯȤ־Թ̣ʶԈǺʯɴɸ֮ݿɵúԼκΣ֮ҲʦѶܹ֮滯ơʥ֮޶ҲΪ֮Է֮׳Լ֮׺֮ʣ̷һ֮ŊSҲͬ־Լڣף֮֮־ɳǣΪ¡

    ǺΪƣܡ֮֮ãεΪ߾ţФֹڔ̣ҷѩ˹˹Ի֮죣֮֮δҲκΣȻ֮δȷҲԼ֮δҲƫɣӢ壬֤ԡ֮⻼־ʿˣνʱӢҲ

    ʱʱԹҲգ֮Ҳգ֮£꣬ʵԵشﲩԿ䵮߲׷̿ɡҰ֮֮Ү

    ־Ħ룬֮߶֮հ֣絷⣬вòһȶȽ֮ǰҲĦٱɣ֪֮󣬸֮βɥ٣֮;ΪϾԷ㣬㧐ϐϣҳϣԼ֮ԡҶгɣԴ֮һҲʮһ־Ħ̫ƽм(14)

    ƪģ֮ΰ˴ѷɫ־ĦӢŷ޶ع֮󣬼֮ΪʲôΪĲܾȹֻСѧܾ͡ȹûСѧ͡ɶۣ˼ӺĻɳȴβݡһ꣨ʮ꣩ġ칤ΪйҲпѧ֤ݣʵǱ԰滭˵ΪȫЩǰѧ׼pre-scientific technologyִѧӰ٣οΪרЩӦҪڹȡءɼż漼ɣйĴѧʣͳҵ伮ĻпѧپĻɳߵĿұ죬ӡΪ֮Ϊᡱһ֤Ŵй˼롣֪Ӷԡ񡱵Ŀ˶ԡ򡱵ĿûˣͬûĹ٣Ըò;ˣԡΪ󡱡ɴ˵һ֤Ŵй˼룬Ϊ֤ݣ

    ŴйûпѧŴǷ֮أϣᣬ˵ѼߡĿѧȻҪȵʮԺſʼȻΪʲô˿ѧĵ·йʼδ״̬أһ򵥵Ĵǣһͳ˼(15)һͳ˼ĻɳĺڡйغһֱԴһͳ˼Ϊ룬ǧʷһһңάͳһƻͳһָͳһܶʼѭɹŮйԺĽҲΪĻȡˡֻҪ˭ͳһйϽйĻ˭ͳһͳ֮£ȫֻʣһ޴ĶıһڷԱͷ(16)Ⱦ峣Ŀ׽̡ǾҪòԪѳԪѳ壬࣬ҲΨѧѳĻɳ巢չˣй˵ľܲ״̬

    һĩѻƬսڽĺͬʱϵ٤Ļ̺ˮش롣ĩвȡ԰취ˮйһз½ͽ޹(17)ΪйĻˮһ壬ȫɢɳоһԣΪשߵĻʱһй֪ʶѾ֪ȫˮܽĻĴáڽĹУ뽫йĻɨһߣⰭְ(18)¶һһд

    Ҫӵǵ¡Ī㲻òԿ׽̡񷨡ڡΡҪӵ˹㲻òԾڽ̡ҪӵҪӵ㲻òԹ;ѧ(19)

    ⻰áҪëֻ˵Կѧʶ˵ᳫѧŲԡ

    ҵǣѧûйĻֵʹظһٶǰķ״̬Ȼ׽̸ıΪа̣ĹͷͳаΨΪҵһӦÿѧڴѧ棬޽չһҲݲо˽ᳫѧ쵼ʦġҪ½ڷ鹲Ϣķ״̬Ʒ˴ĹͷͳΡ˵ǲ߾ٿѧģƾʲô񹲷һ˼Ļɳ壬ܷ

    ٸݽԭӢ﷢֮УĹļ־ʮڡ

    ڵʱ׶أܳoϣָ˿УڵĻѧϰĽ۵סǰ߽žڱ˵ĸʼûᵽһֻ˵ĩ䷨ͼǿ֪յȻǽ򣬲ֵȥѧϰ

    ҽʮ꣬ʳơ֮ϡ

    ܼǡ־ʮڡ

    йʷÿһ֮ĩȺ۲𣬷׷¹ԭΪΪܣ֮һ˵Ϊò̫棬ҰĲڱƽһμʱû˵Բ⡣ڹּʱϸꡣӡͻϺ˵족ĸ֣ӦΪ󲻿ԡƾΪµıǮʧ޴ռˡ

    ᵽľСԭֲͬ壺һָ˸񣬾ƣСһָײ㣬ϣС¡ߵĹڣΨвͶʳϲ׼־еľӣ²׼С㣬ţûˡʸ񡣶ĲľӦС˹ΪȻԷũ֮£׷ӳ֮ΪСˡ

    գ˵͹ݡ׷н࣬Ϊͽرй͵ȡˡϣrhetoric / dialectic / astronomy / geometry / artihmetic / grammar / musicֻ˲ֲܽĽūûзݵġ

    "There is a distinction between liberal and illiberal pursuits, and it is manifest that only such knowledge as does not make the learner mechanical or vulgar should form a part of education. By mechanical pursuits we should understand all arts and studies that make the body, soul, or intellect of free men unserviceable for the use and exercise, of virtue. This is the reason why we call mechanical such arts as produce aninferior condition of body, and all wageearning occupation." Aristotle: Politics, p. 1337.

    ͬһʿ»ر˵ֻūΪıȥѧϰһҵ

    ѹ꣺ʮգʮȣϣԹҲ򣬴ʿʿߣ߳ţųͣͳ̨̨ûг̫ˣҪб檹ʹţͬ࣬ǵġ

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    (12)һ̨ϱ̫ۡྫĸˡƪ۹װҲ޳ӣ޷ǡйáĳ´ĵͬǣȥ߻йλĻߣĻʶ߳ƪ۵

    (13)ͬ

    (14)ת¼ʵ̸־Ħһ̨Զͼ鹫˾档

    (15)һۿƼ򵥣ȴǳĶ˼ĽᾧŷʮԺҷ׷׶Ϊѧ˼Ⱦйһʼֻһͳһʥ۹ϵıйͬҲ˵ʱǰҪйܰټڹȨ¸ţضлԺɫġ

    (16)εȾڶĹԼҲԼĹνְҵȫֻһԶضǷġΪڲһƶ£ȫֻһţǾʱﲻˣ˴ã޷棬Ļ˵ʹȨڹŴͳ£Ϊ嶷ڽ켫Ȩ£ΪţһȨ

    (17)ۺйλĻ۵ʧܶǰ֮

    (18)Ľνְţǰװ׺ķй֪ʶıʱ䡣

    (19)꡷һŵʮҳ

    ǡʮ

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    СĶУӺȻ

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    øĵİǣ

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    ԭûСϷ蹷ָ츴ۡҸעһ¼츴ձԭġھΪϷ蹷ּԵйΪϷ蹷˲ضָνעҲɾˣλΪ޵ķʸɾĵò֮ͷûԭ壬ֻƾĻ£

    ȫһµǶ˼ӵĹ͵츴ۡڿȰ˵ӵڹڶйʥԼĶͣһȥעģ츴ġԲСвԡ޳֮ȡ

    עġԭĲȫǵˣձϵ»ֱߣһ£

    עģӢıõǸӣɹѧѧϵҵһ顣츴ձ֪ͨѣһһСЦʮʮձϿһֵ£

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    ڡŮбҲ˵ʲôŮķֱ𣬶˵ŮĽײ𡱵棬Ҳɾʮ֡ڹνȥ

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    Ķ֣һ۾ͿˡΪһĸı̫ۡԭѲõһСȫڷ蹷˾ˣضָν峿λأߵĺҲһСĸˡнʮձϵΪ֤

    ̨ʰ츴ҡС蹷ĻȻǶġġǼȻȱϴĳ⣬Ȼ׼ԷɵĳͷֻǽԺܡ

    ҵʦѧͥڣԪ⳥ҪֻǶ׬ǮһͷԪµİţ

    һһԪ͸ѧѧԺΪһ𣬸κһλʮĵͬѧĵĿо̰ΪޡҪ棬ֳ档

    һԪ̨ѧҽԺ񲿣Ϊһ𣬸κα蹷ǡϷ蹷ҧĲߣѸơȮ֮á

    ˼еԸڹԱĢݣѴŢޡ

    ʮʮ

    øҵ֮ǰû˵ĻҵߡǾġΪй˼𰸡һƾһβ͡

    ӺȻȥǰһԷпض˵̨ѧǲһֻáںˣѣҵѣһˣһȥάգ

    仰ȥŷϣرָԼײȺ飬գͨ䣿Ⱦҷϣ͸۽ڶ飬ҥ¡ڡС,д

    ǰһԷƹʮѲ˵ˣҿҲģˣ˵̨ѧǲһֻáںˣѣҵѣһˣһȥάգģĿžӺȻķɻƶ𣬾ͺӶƶһ

    ƪСָ̨ѧ֮һдҼ˵ѧû˵ѧΪͬѧͬĹϵʸ񱻳Ϊѧ̨⸴ʮϳѧֻһԵĸ˹ᣬ̶һ̨ѧУڣһƺͿ񳤢⣬һѧ˶Ĺ񵳹ͬ־(11)Ƕʷģɽ̫ڣ˹ȫԱӦ֮УʬΨֲʹоԺʷоһӣ˹ǸõĶӳֻһΨԱü̳и˹Ĺߣס̨󿼹ѧϵԺʷĴţʵҪ˵ѧֻС֮ĶȾ֮˵óڡ

    ˣ˵ѧǲһҲȫĿǡҴʮ꣬һֱڷѧԺϵ飬ûСȥǫ̀󿼹ѧϵѧ(12)ûвڱĴѧ顣οǼ̳и˹ġμ⡱ߣҵԲ⣬ȻΡپνѣҵѡЩʲôѳ˹˿֪˵иСĸӦͷ֮ͬνҲһ࣬˵ѡҵѣ޹ء⣬ҵе誣ǰ⣬ôС蹷СĸᲢۣ֮ƹʮѲĻͷ׳졣ʵνƹʮѲҲǿǣľһѲ֮Ѿ賡ɵذһһˣܵȵʮѲ϶ҵĸۣ

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    ˽ͨԭǲ㹫ģȴҸһһΣⲻѼĻţڵ԰ѱ˼һ˵ǴҿӺȻ˰֣㹶⡢ٲ㹶Ҳʶðʲôһʮ˽еĴʾΣ鵱Ȥ˵ͬ԰ǿƣͬ԰ɣʷϵ˶homosexuality֮ͽˡһεĻһͯֺαԼƨ𣿲˵Щм䣬һģǾνܱǡױ豣ڴҺԭԭ²ҵ¡ҵ¶ֻдġС˵ôҶڲ硣

    ΪǿǵҲ˵Ҷ鲻࣬⻰̫ȷǸΪӺȻ鲻ͱȽϾȷһ㣬Ծ©Ʃ˵νپָһӵܺרָĳһ鼮ȻܺҪԵΪұʮ꣬û̥ǰѶʮʱĻҪ(13)ĳһ鼮ʤ֮硶λӡľ⡷ĳ棬Ҷûж˵ĵľȷ⣬ձüƪ۵֣òʿԼͨѶȺ⣬ס̨һЩ֮ȫǿ°ĭ֪ơоûһһòʿĵףֻűͿˡҵһòʿġѧ۴ԡ(14)ʮϺ档ֻһĿ¼Ŀզ沢ҳҲоٳɼÿƪкüǧ֣򡣾ԣÿһĿɷչһƪܶĲʿģ

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    ЩƪģòʿԼе˵1923ʮѧõĽ壬뿪꣬ӡⱾ۴ԡֲʿ˵

    Щģмƪʮعʱ벻ˡ𡱼ӣʮ㣬Ҳãʮᡣʱĵÿÿ̫ߣһѧջعʱ֮ͨܡ˿ӵӰ죬Ž֪ʶ˽롰𡱸ڿѧרҼʮ㣬˶̳Ϊǡ𡱲¥֮鲻飬Ƕ֮˲ˣ֪֮ף֪ж֮ףҲֻݸЦЦҴǰ⼸ƪɾĵ־䣬ѱɾˡ

    ʮǰòʿ֪ʶټʮ굽һγʱд˵¯ࡢס

    òʿԼͨ赭дһ仰֪ȴʮĹ̨һЩ֮ܣӲһƣϲ˺ۣĵѡƩǰᵽľȷ⣬˽ǡ͡ǵġ˵ɡҡβ仯ѧĻʶֲ߱ʿ﷨ķҪıﾫȷʵѷ﷨ķ⣬ѧSemantics(15)ӺȻ鲻ࡱ仰ȡӺȻ鲻ࡱþȷΪķֹͬʹǰ߾ȷԽϸߣΪǰһֲͬ˵оѧרҾд﷨ķֵģ󲿷߼ѧ(16)֣ѧоΧ֮ˡ

    ɴ뵽⣬ʱšҲҪȷѡͬʻ˵ԭʱʾⲻķֹ⡣ΪûĳЩ֣ǿԴ֣ѧԪеġơYttriumϡNeodymium㡱Tantalum嵐CaesiumﰡosmiumڿֵжҲġûĳ˵ҲԷƣͨеİ׻еŷ﷨һࡣʱ﷨ûжУ򲻷ݷΪ﷨Ӣķеperfect tense﷨ûУ̨廰ȴҵǿԷ̨廰еġСڣӢĵhaveӢI have eatenɡгԣ̨廰Dڽ֮ĵķֵĹ춼Թɷʱšϰһ˵ȷһ˵Ӳȷٻһ˵ֻҪ־ͨʻḻҵһֱȽϾȷϺԭ˵

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    ֻۣѧȻѧʵһáƩʷ̫Ϊ˹һ׻ԣԱ˶ԱԱ޷֤ʵĻԣֻһѲڵùϳ©Ծȫ߽⡣ºʷִ̫ԱΪʲôһҪ˵˹ĶӺ͵зùл棿Ϊʲô˵վ򿧷ȹݣԺͬο̨ĿǰǶǵҵһЩ֮ܿ°ĭйۣƲ޵һ˵ǡ͡ǵġǡҡβ仯ű¶һǴˡ仰˵ǵĳƪ۲֤ǵѧʣ˵һ䡰ΰ¥Ρ֮Ļ֤ǵ֪ġɱ˲ŵʱ顱һĶӦԼ

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    Үյĸ׺͵վߣȥҮΧţǾ͸˵ģĸ׺㡣Үջش˵˭ҵĸס˭ҵĵ֣ۿΧŵ˵ģҵĸסҵĵ֡ϵּˣҵĵֽúĸˡ

    ҮյĸΪδȻеĶ踺أˣȴ˽Կĸڿϵͽ졣ĽʮаҪĻɳ壬Ӧų֮ΨֲԾڵ۸֮᣿

    Се̴֦δ̫ԶˣϽɷ跨ڽշǰɷס(19)⣬ΪźصĲ֣ǾǽᵽķҵֻǺС˵ΪȥԼΪƤһζˣŪǡı(20)ǰ˵̨岢ûлȥùַ֮ɵ׵ѹȷеܡʢʱټϸʪȣкùȼȵô죬Ҳôˬ죬ΨһȻǷҵ˵ǱһЩԭЩԭǹģ߽óڹͷһ࣬ʵ硰ѧ͡Ҫġѧ͡ȱسϹейĻûСˣ˼Ļɳǵǰ񡣹˹ҵֳġŵʷϡУȭ˱ΪũΪ㷺Ⱥڷ۰˶֤˼뼴ԭٷ֮ȷҲΨмԭ򣬲оԵ˼սϲ֮֮죬Ӷ˭顢˭ǰ־ʿһĿȻʤسɡ

    ˵ûдС⡱Ұڳڣ֪ûҲд⡣еվʹwindow shoppersڴ

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    Ψһϡǡ˽ԺûȤױ豣ȴԺڰҲвһµһҪǼ٣һƱѺھѺڼȸͷβС蹷ȻйβһҲԺڰ

    ͵ǡļĹƨ͵˲ҵ䣬δ˵ҽһɾƹԪĵͼǿǾƹʱֵǧԪϣϰô棬飬ڳԹԣʵдھƹľƣӦԱѵ˵㵽ľȥŴһḽһЦݵġڴϣ

    ӵĹǻС蹷ŵĹƨ˭ţ

    ǴԿʮ֣һ¶棬β͡ԭһҳһİҳ

    ָġдھӺȻ<˼Ļɳ>ĺ桷ǡھʮڡ

    ̨һ˼ҲƺΪѧʶöԵоԺԺϹᣬ֪ûһ˲ţ˾ݺʶε˵˵ȴûЩ˲ǲɢֻһ㣬ѧĻ

    ⿹սڼ䣬ڹѵͼ̹٣̹ʤ̨θгûƺͿźţ˹껹񳤣ɼ֪֮

    (11)ʵԱʱһȺ̨ѧᣬ˹꿪ת뷨ѧԺѧϵҽ̹ѧ

    (12)ѧѧϵһMartin FormynΣڹѧᵣܸµƸԼعӵ㣨ÿСʱõܾ˵Ҳ顣

    (13)ʮһʱɽѧΣɽѧв飬¸סУڡһЩְԱסʵ̫ڻȾ½ͼ¥Ҳڣͼݹ㣬¥ң¥⣩ҾסҲͬס档ҹΪ飬¿λصͼ¥סԷǰ¥žͿһ顣ȵҸбҵ廪ѧʱеȫҽ廪ʮ꣬Ҫڶųء

    (14)īѧݵĸ߱ڹһ飬òʿ͸߱ڵⱾѧ۴ԡֲʿױ

    Prof. Bernhard Karlgren

    with the compliments of 

    Sept. 21, 1933 Shanghai Academia Sinica

    (15)ѧ̨Ķ߶뵽ڣGeneral SemanticsSemantics𶼲̸֪ѧˡ

    (16)ѧɽӢLogicһֵѧ粢ͨС

    (17)϶ԱһЩӢʵֻ˸Īòʿ˵ġ֮ס

    (18)һ䡰Ӽûɡ˽Ƶνƨġơǡơ˼ʵʵǾʹļ׵ġ

    (19)ƪЩһ߼¼иܰŪţjugglers of new jargonsܻ˵ǰҪ⽴շУǰ֮ìҲҵĴǣ֮֮

    (20)Ҳʣʹ֮ǷӾΪϹأҴ𣺵ȻվɡҲʲôֵǽꡱĳ´ĵС蹷ƨųĹƨ˵Ҳʲô졢ΤͨԼһ߼¼иܰŪǿöࡣǡҪûΪ׵ķֽˡ̨Ҫû˼ӺĻɳ߸ˣӰ췴ҵǰ;󡣾ƾһ㣬̨ٲҲƾһ㣬׷Ϊάӽ󣬼ʹԾƣԽΪϹ١

    ǡھʮ

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