/*M///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
//  IMPORTANT: READ BEFORE DOWNLOADING, COPYING, INSTALLING OR USING.
//
//  By downloading, copying, installing or using the software you agree to this license.
//  If you do not agree to this license, do not download, install,
//  copy or use the software.
//
//
//                           License Agreement
//                For Open Source Computer Vision Library
//
// Copyright (C) 2000-2008, Intel Corporation, all rights reserved.
// Copyright (C) 2009, Willow Garage Inc., all rights reserved.
// Third party copyrights are property of their respective owners.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
// are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
//
//   * Redistribution's of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
//     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//
//   * Redistribution's in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
//     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
//     and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//
//   * The name of the copyright holders may not be used to endorse or promote products
//     derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// This software is provided by the copyright holders and contributors "as is" and
// any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied
// warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.
// In no event shall the Intel Corporation or contributors be liable for any direct,
// indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages
// (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services;
// loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused
// and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability,
// or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of
// the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage.
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//M*/

#include "precomp.hpp"

#include <memory>

#ifdef HAVE_PNG

/****************************************************************************************\
    This part of the file implements PNG codec on base of libpng library,
    in particular, this code is based on example.c from libpng
    (see otherlibs/_graphics/readme.txt for copyright notice)
    and png2bmp sample from libpng distribution (Copyright (C) 1999-2001 MIYASAKA Masaru)
\****************************************************************************************/

/****************************************************************************\
 *
 *  this file includes some modified part of apngasm and APNG Optimizer 1.4
 *  both have zlib license.
 *
 ****************************************************************************/


 /*  apngasm
 *
 *  The next generation of apngasm, the APNG Assembler.
 *  The apngasm CLI tool and library can assemble and disassemble APNG image files.
 *
 *  https://github.com/apngasm/apngasm


 * APNG Optimizer 1.4
 *
 * Makes APNG files smaller.
 *
 * http://sourceforge.net/projects/apng/files
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2011-2015 Max Stepin
 * maxst at users.sourceforge.net
 *
 * zlib license
 * ------------
 *
 * This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
 * warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
 * arising from the use of this software.
 *
 * Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
 * including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
 * freely, subject to the following restrictions:
 *
 * 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
 *    claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
 *    in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
 *    appreciated but is not required.
 * 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
 *    misrepresented as being the original software.
 * 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
 *
 */

#ifndef _LFS64_LARGEFILE
#  define _LFS64_LARGEFILE 0
#endif
#ifndef _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
#  define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 0
#endif

#include "grfmt_png.hpp"
#include <opencv2/core/utils/logger.hpp>

#if defined _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER >= 1200
    // interaction between '_setjmp' and C++ object destruction is non-portable
    #pragma warning( disable: 4611 )
    #pragma warning( disable: 4244 )
#endif

// the following defines are a hack to avoid multiple problems with frame pointer handling and setjmp
// see http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2011-10/msg00324.html for some details
#define mingw_getsp(...) 0
#define __builtin_frame_address(...) 0

namespace cv
{

const uint32_t id_IHDR = 0x49484452; // PNG header
const uint32_t id_acTL = 0x6163544C; // Animation control chunk
const uint32_t id_fcTL = 0x6663544C; // Frame control chunk
const uint32_t id_IDAT = 0x49444154; // first frame and/or default image
const uint32_t id_fdAT = 0x66644154; // Frame data chunk
const uint32_t id_PLTE = 0x504C5445; // The PLTE chunk contains a color palette for indexed-color images
const uint32_t id_bKGD = 0x624B4744; // The bKGD chunk specifies a default background color for the image
const uint32_t id_tRNS = 0x74524E53; // The tRNS chunk provides transparency information
const uint32_t id_tEXt = 0x74455874; // The tEXt chunk stores metadata as text in key-value pairs
const uint32_t id_IEND = 0x49454E44; // end/footer chunk
const uint32_t id_CgBI = 0x43674249; // The CgBI chunk (Apple private) is not supported.

APNGFrame::APNGFrame()
{
    _pixels = NULL;
    _width = 0;
    _height = 0;
    _colorType = 0;
    _paletteSize = 0;
    _transparencySize = 0;
    _delayNum = 1;
    _delayDen = 1000;
}

APNGFrame::~APNGFrame() {}

bool APNGFrame::setMat(const cv::Mat& src, unsigned delayNum, unsigned delayDen)
{
    _delayNum = delayNum;
    _delayDen = delayDen;

    if (!src.empty())
    {
        png_uint_32 rowbytes = src.cols * (uint32_t)src.elemSize();
        _width = src.cols;
        _height = src.rows;
        _colorType = src.channels() == 1 ? PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY : src.channels() == 3 ? PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGB : PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGB_ALPHA;
        _pixels = src.data;
        _rows.resize(_height);

        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < _height; ++i)
            _rows[i] = _pixels + i * rowbytes;
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

void APNGFrame::setWidth(unsigned int width) { _width = width; }
void APNGFrame::setHeight(unsigned int height) { _height = height;}
void APNGFrame::setColorType(unsigned char colorType) { _colorType = colorType; }
void APNGFrame::setPalette(const rgb* palette) { std::copy(palette, palette + 256, _palette); }
void APNGFrame::setTransparency(const unsigned char* transparency) { std::copy(transparency, transparency + 256, _transparency); }
void APNGFrame::setPaletteSize(int paletteSize) { _paletteSize = paletteSize; }
void APNGFrame::setTransparencySize(int transparencySize) { _transparencySize = transparencySize; }
void APNGFrame::setDelayNum(unsigned int delayNum) { _delayNum = delayNum; }
void APNGFrame::setDelayDen(unsigned int delayDen) { _delayDen = delayDen; }
void APNGFrame::setPixels(unsigned char* pixels) { _pixels = pixels; }

PngDecoder::PngDecoder()
{
    m_signature = "\x89\x50\x4e\x47\xd\xa\x1a\xa";
    m_color_type = 0;
    m_f = 0;
    m_buf_supported = true;
    m_buf_pos = 0;
    m_bit_depth = 0;
    m_frame_no = 0;
    w0 = 0;
    h0 = 0;
    x0 = 0;
    y0 = 0;
    delay_num = 0;
    delay_den = 0;
    dop = 0;
    bop = 0;
}

PngDecoder::~PngDecoder()
{
    ClearPngPtr();
    if( m_f )
    {
        fclose( m_f );
        m_f = nullptr;
    }
}

bool PngDecoder::InitPngPtr() {
    ClearPngPtr();

    m_png_ptr = png_create_read_struct(PNG_LIBPNG_VER_STRING, 0, 0, 0);
    if (!m_png_ptr)
        return false;

    m_info_ptr = png_create_info_struct(m_png_ptr);
    return (m_info_ptr != nullptr);
}

void PngDecoder::ClearPngPtr() {
    if (m_png_ptr)
        png_destroy_read_struct(&m_png_ptr, &m_info_ptr, nullptr);
    m_png_ptr = nullptr;
    m_info_ptr = nullptr;
}

ImageDecoder PngDecoder::newDecoder() const
{
    return makePtr<PngDecoder>();
}

void  PngDecoder::readDataFromBuf( void* _png_ptr, unsigned char* dst, size_t size )
{
    png_structp png_ptr = (png_structp)_png_ptr;
    PngDecoder* decoder = (PngDecoder*)(png_get_io_ptr(png_ptr));
    CV_Assert( decoder );
    const Mat& buf = decoder->m_buf;
    if( decoder->m_buf_pos + size > buf.cols*buf.rows*buf.elemSize() )
    {
        png_error(png_ptr, "PNG input buffer is incomplete");
        return;
    }
    memcpy( dst, decoder->m_buf.ptr() + decoder->m_buf_pos, size );
    decoder->m_buf_pos += size;
}

bool  PngDecoder::readHeader()
{
    if (m_frame_count > 1 /* if true, it means readHeader() was called before */)
    {
        return true;
    }

    // Declare dynamic variables before a potential longjmp.
    Chunk chunk;

    if (!InitPngPtr())
        return false;

    if (setjmp(png_jmpbuf(m_png_ptr)))
        return false;

    m_buf_pos = 0;
    unsigned char sig[8];
    uint32_t id = 0;

    if( !m_buf.empty() )
        png_set_read_fn(m_png_ptr, this, (png_rw_ptr)readDataFromBuf );
    else
    {
        m_f = fopen(m_filename.c_str(), "rb");
        if (!m_f)
        {
            return false;
        }
        png_init_io(m_png_ptr, m_f);
    }

    // Read PNG header: 137 80 78 71 13 10 26 10
    if (!readFromStreamOrBuffer(&sig, 8))
        return false;

    // IHDR chunk shall be first. ( https://www.w3.org/TR/png-3/#5ChunkOrdering )
    id = read_chunk(m_chunkIHDR);
    if (id == id_CgBI)
    {
        CV_LOG_ERROR(NULL, "CgBI chunk (Apple private) found as the first chunk. IHDR is expected.");
        return false;
    }
    if (id != id_IHDR)
    {
        CV_LOG_ERROR(NULL, "IHDR chunk shall be first. This data may be broken or malformed.");
        return false;
    }

    m_is_fcTL_loaded = false;
    while (true)
    {
        id = read_chunk(chunk);

        if (!id || (m_f && feof(m_f)) || (!m_buf.empty() && m_buf_pos > m_buf.total()))
        {
            return false;
        }

        if (id == id_IDAT)
        {
            if (m_f)
                fseek(m_f, 0, SEEK_SET);
            else
                m_buf_pos = 0;
            break;
        }

        if (id == id_acTL)
        {
            // https://wiki.mozilla.org/APNG_Specification#%60acTL%60:_The_Animation_Control_Chunk
            m_animation.loop_count = png_get_uint_32(&chunk.p[12]);

            m_frame_count = png_get_uint_32(&chunk.p[8]);
            if (m_frame_count == 0)
                return false;
        }

        if (id == id_fcTL)
        {
            // https://wiki.mozilla.org/APNG_Specification#%60fcTL%60:_The_Frame_Control_Chunk
            m_is_fcTL_loaded = true;
            w0 = png_get_uint_32(&chunk.p[12]);
            h0 = png_get_uint_32(&chunk.p[16]);
            x0 = png_get_uint_32(&chunk.p[20]);
            y0 = png_get_uint_32(&chunk.p[24]);
            delay_num = png_get_uint_16(&chunk.p[28]);
            delay_den = png_get_uint_16(&chunk.p[30]);
            dop = chunk.p[32];
            bop = chunk.p[33];
            if (dop > 2 || bop > 1)
                return false;
        }

        if (id == id_PLTE || id == id_tRNS)
            m_chunksInfo.push_back(chunk);
    }

    png_uint_32 wdth, hght;
    int bit_depth, color_type, num_trans=0;
    png_bytep trans;
    png_color_16p trans_values;

    // Free chunk in case png_read_info uses longjmp.
    chunk.p.clear();
    chunk.p.shrink_to_fit();

    png_read_info( m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr );
    png_get_IHDR(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, &wdth, &hght,
        &bit_depth, &color_type, 0, 0, 0);

    m_width = (int)wdth;
    m_height = (int)hght;
    m_color_type = color_type;
    m_bit_depth = bit_depth;

    if (m_is_fcTL_loaded && ((long long int)x0 + w0 > m_width || (long long int)y0 + h0 > m_height || dop > 2 || bop > 1))
        return false;

    png_color_16p background_color;
    if (png_get_bKGD(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, &background_color))
        m_animation.bgcolor = Scalar(background_color->blue, background_color->green, background_color->red);

    if (bit_depth <= 8 || bit_depth == 16)
    {
        switch (color_type)
        {
        case PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGB:
        case PNG_COLOR_TYPE_PALETTE:
            png_get_tRNS(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, &trans, &num_trans, &trans_values);
            if (num_trans > 0)
                m_type = CV_8UC4;
            else
                m_type = CV_8UC3;
            break;
        case PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY_ALPHA:
        case PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGB_ALPHA:
            m_type = CV_8UC4;
            break;
        default:
            m_type = CV_8UC1;
        }
        if (bit_depth == 16)
            m_type = CV_MAKETYPE(CV_16U, CV_MAT_CN(m_type));
    }

    return true;
}

bool  PngDecoder::readData( Mat& img )
{
    // Declare dynamic variables before a potential longjmp.
    AutoBuffer<unsigned char*> _buffer(m_height);
    unsigned char** buffer = _buffer.data();
    Chunk chunk;

    if (m_frame_count > 1)
    {
        Mat mat_cur = Mat::zeros(img.rows, img.cols, m_type);
        uint32_t id = 0;
        uint32_t j = 0;
        uint32_t imagesize = m_width * m_height * (uint32_t)mat_cur.elemSize();
        m_is_IDAT_loaded = false;

        if (m_frame_no == 0)
        {
            if (m_mat_raw.empty())
            {
                if (m_f)
                    fseek(m_f, -8, SEEK_CUR);
                else
                    m_buf_pos -= 8;
            }
            m_mat_raw = Mat(img.rows, img.cols, m_type);
            m_mat_next = Mat(img.rows, img.cols, m_type);
            frameRaw.setMat(m_mat_raw);
            frameNext.setMat(m_mat_next);
        }
        else
            m_mat_next.copyTo(mat_cur);

        frameCur.setMat(mat_cur);

        if (!processing_start((void*)&frameRaw, mat_cur))
            return false;

        // See https://github.com/opencv/opencv/issues/27744
        if( setjmp( png_jmpbuf ( m_png_ptr ) ) == 0 )
        {
            while (true)
            {
                id = read_chunk(chunk);
                if (!id)
                    return false;

                if (id == id_fcTL && m_is_IDAT_loaded)
                {
                    if (!m_is_fcTL_loaded)
                    {
                        m_mat_raw.copyTo(m_animation.still_image);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (processing_finish())
                        {
                            if (dop == 2)
                                memcpy(frameNext.getPixels(), frameCur.getPixels(), imagesize);

                            if (x0 + w0 > frameCur.getWidth() || y0 + h0 > frameCur.getHeight())
                            return false;

                            compose_frame(frameCur.getRows(), frameRaw.getRows(), bop, x0, y0, w0, h0, mat_cur);
                            if (!delay_den)
                                delay_den = 100;
                            m_animation.durations.push_back(cvRound(1000. * delay_num / delay_den));

                            if (mat_cur.channels() == img.channels())
                            {
                                if (mat_cur.depth() == CV_16U && img.depth() == CV_8U)
                                    mat_cur.convertTo(img, CV_8U, 1. / 255);
                                else
                                    mat_cur.copyTo(img);
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                Mat mat_cur_scaled;
                                if (mat_cur.depth() == CV_16U && img.depth() == CV_8U)
                                    mat_cur.convertTo(mat_cur_scaled, CV_8U, 1. / 255);
                                else
                                    mat_cur_scaled = mat_cur;

                                if (img.channels() == 1)
                                    cvtColor(mat_cur_scaled, img, COLOR_BGRA2GRAY);
                                else if (img.channels() == 3)
                                    cvtColor(mat_cur_scaled, img, COLOR_BGRA2BGR);
                            }

                            if (dop != 2)
                            {
                                memcpy(frameNext.getPixels(), frameCur.getPixels(), imagesize);
                                if (dop == 1)
                                    for (j = 0; j < h0; j++)
                                        memset(frameNext.getRows()[y0 + j] + x0 * img.channels(), 0, w0 * img.channels());
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            return false;
                        }
                    }

                    w0 = png_get_uint_32(&chunk.p[12]);
                    h0 = png_get_uint_32(&chunk.p[16]);
                    x0 = png_get_uint_32(&chunk.p[20]);
                    y0 = png_get_uint_32(&chunk.p[24]);
                    delay_num = png_get_uint_16(&chunk.p[28]);
                    delay_den = png_get_uint_16(&chunk.p[30]);
                    dop = chunk.p[32];
                    bop = chunk.p[33];

                    if (int(x0 + w0) > img.cols || int(y0 + h0) > img.rows || dop > 2 || bop > 1)
                    {
                        return false;
                    }

                    memcpy(&m_chunkIHDR.p[8], &chunk.p[12], 8);

                    if (m_is_fcTL_loaded)
                        return true;
                    else
                    {
                        m_is_fcTL_loaded = true;
                        ClearPngPtr();
                        if (!processing_start((void*)&frameRaw, mat_cur))
                            return false;
                    }
                }
                else if (id == id_IDAT)
                {
                    m_is_IDAT_loaded = true;
                    png_process_data(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, chunk.p.data(), chunk.p.size());
                }
                else if (id == id_fdAT && m_is_fcTL_loaded)
                {
                    m_is_IDAT_loaded = true;
                    png_save_uint_32(&chunk.p[4], static_cast<uint32_t>(chunk.p.size() - 16));
                    memcpy(&chunk.p[8], "IDAT", 4);
                    png_process_data(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, &chunk.p[4], chunk.p.size() - 4);
                }
                else if (id == id_IEND)
                {
                    if (processing_finish())
                    {
                        compose_frame(frameCur.getRows(), frameRaw.getRows(), bop, x0, y0, w0, h0, mat_cur);
                        if (!delay_den)
                            delay_den = 100;
                        m_animation.durations.push_back(cvRound(1000.*delay_num/delay_den));

                        if (mat_cur.depth() == CV_16U && img.depth() == CV_8U && mat_cur.channels() == img.channels())
                            mat_cur.convertTo(img, CV_8U, 1. / 255);
                        else
                        {
                            if (mat_cur.depth() == CV_16U && img.depth() == CV_8U)
                                mat_cur.convertTo(mat_cur, CV_8U, 1. / 255);
                            if (mat_cur.channels() == img.channels())
                                mat_cur.copyTo(img);
                            else if (img.channels() == 1)
                                cvtColor(mat_cur, img, COLOR_BGRA2GRAY);
                            else if (img.channels() == 3)
                                cvtColor(mat_cur, img, COLOR_BGRA2BGR);
                        }
                    }
                    else
                        return false;

                    return true;
                }
                else
                    png_process_data(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, chunk.p.data(), chunk.p.size());
            }
            return false;
        }
        else
        {
            // libpng internal error is detected.
            return false;
        }
    }

    volatile bool result = false;
    bool color = img.channels() > 1;

    if( m_png_ptr && m_info_ptr && m_width && m_height )
    {
        if( setjmp( png_jmpbuf ( m_png_ptr ) ) == 0 )
        {
            int y;

            if( img.depth() == CV_8U && m_bit_depth == 16 )
                png_set_strip_16( m_png_ptr );
            else if( !isBigEndian() )
                png_set_swap( m_png_ptr );

            if(img.channels() < 4)
            {
                /* observation: png_read_image() writes 400 bytes beyond
                 * end of data when reading a 400x118 color png
                 * "mpplus_sand.png".  OpenCV crashes even with demo
                 * programs.  Looking at the loaded image I'd say we get 4
                 * bytes per pixel instead of 3 bytes per pixel.  Test
                 * indicate that it is a good idea to always ask for
                 * stripping alpha..  18.11.2004 Axel Walthelm
                 */
                 png_set_strip_alpha( m_png_ptr );
            } else
                png_set_tRNS_to_alpha( m_png_ptr );

            if( m_color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_PALETTE )
                png_set_palette_to_rgb( m_png_ptr );

            if( (m_color_type & PNG_COLOR_MASK_COLOR) == 0 && m_bit_depth < 8 )
#if (PNG_LIBPNG_VER_MAJOR*10000 + PNG_LIBPNG_VER_MINOR*100 + PNG_LIBPNG_VER_RELEASE >= 10209) || \
    (PNG_LIBPNG_VER_MAJOR == 1 && PNG_LIBPNG_VER_MINOR == 0 && PNG_LIBPNG_VER_RELEASE >= 18)
                png_set_expand_gray_1_2_4_to_8( m_png_ptr );
#else
                png_set_gray_1_2_4_to_8( png_ptr );
#endif

            if( (m_color_type & PNG_COLOR_MASK_COLOR) && color && !m_use_rgb)
                png_set_bgr( m_png_ptr ); // convert RGB to BGR
            else if( color )
                png_set_gray_to_rgb( m_png_ptr ); // Gray->RGB
            else
                png_set_rgb_to_gray( m_png_ptr, 1, 0.299, 0.587 ); // RGB->Gray

            png_set_interlace_handling( m_png_ptr );
            png_read_update_info( m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr );

            for( y = 0; y < m_height; y++ )
                buffer[y] = img.data + y*img.step;

            png_read_image( m_png_ptr, buffer );
            png_read_end( m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr);

            if (m_read_options) {
                // Get tEXt chunks
                png_textp text_ptr;
                int num_text = 0;

                png_get_text(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, &text_ptr, &num_text);

                for (size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<size_t>(num_text); ++i) {
                    const char* key = text_ptr[i].key;
                    const char* value = text_ptr[i].text;
                    size_t      len = text_ptr[i].text_length;

                    if (key && (!std::strcmp(key, "Raw profile type exif") || !std::strcmp(key, "Raw profile type APP1"))) {
                        m_exif.processRawProfile(value, len);
                    }
                    else if (key && !std::strcmp(key, "XML:com.adobe.xmp")) {
                        auto& out = m_metadata[IMAGE_METADATA_XMP];
                        out.insert(out.end(),
                            reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(value),
                            reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(value) + std::strlen(value) + 1);
                    }
                }

                png_charp icc_name;
                int compression_type;
#if (PNG_LIBPNG_VER_MAJOR*10000 + PNG_LIBPNG_VER_MINOR*100 + PNG_LIBPNG_VER_RELEASE >= 10500)
                png_bytep icc_profile;
#else
                png_charp icc_profile;
#endif
                png_uint_32 icc_length;

                if (png_get_iCCP(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, &icc_name, &compression_type, &icc_profile, &icc_length)) {
                    auto& out = m_metadata[IMAGE_METADATA_ICCP];
                    out.insert(out.end(),
                        reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(icc_profile),
                        reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(icc_profile) + icc_length);
                }
            }
#ifdef PNG_eXIf_SUPPORTED
            png_uint_32 num_exif = 0;
            png_bytep exif = 0;

            if( png_get_valid(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, PNG_INFO_eXIf) )
                png_get_eXIf_1(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, &num_exif, &exif);

            if( exif && num_exif > 0 )
            {
                m_exif.parseExif(exif, num_exif);
            }
#endif

            result = true;
        }
    }

    return result;
}

bool PngDecoder::nextPage() {
    return ++m_frame_no < (int)m_frame_count;
}

void PngDecoder::compose_frame(std::vector<png_bytep>& rows_dst, const std::vector<png_bytep>& rows_src, unsigned char _bop, uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t w, uint32_t h, Mat& img)
{
    const size_t elem_size = img.elemSize();
    if (_bop == 0) {
        // Overwrite mode: copy source row directly to destination
        for (uint32_t j = 0; j < h; ++j) {
            std::memcpy(rows_dst[j + y] + x * elem_size, rows_src[j], w * elem_size);
        }
        return;
    }

    int channels = img.channels();
    if (img.depth() == CV_16U)
        cv::parallel_for_(cv::Range(0, h), [&](const cv::Range& range) {
        for (int j = range.start; j < range.end; j++) {
            uint16_t* sp = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(rows_src[j]);
            uint16_t* dp = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(rows_dst[j + y]) + x * channels;

            // Blending mode
            for (unsigned int i = 0; i < w; i++, sp += channels, dp += channels) {
                uint16_t alpha = sp[3];

                if (channels < 4 || alpha == 65535 || dp[3] == 0) {
                    // Fully opaque OR destination fully transparent: direct copy
                    memcpy(dp, sp, elem_size);
                    continue;
                }

                if (alpha != 0) {
                    // Alpha blending
                    uint64_t u = static_cast<uint64_t>(alpha) * 65535;
                    uint64_t v = static_cast<uint64_t>(65535 - alpha) * dp[3];
                    uint64_t al = u + v;

                    dp[0] = static_cast<uint16_t>((sp[0] * u + dp[0] * v) / al); // Red
                    dp[1] = static_cast<uint16_t>((sp[1] * u + dp[1] * v) / al); // Green
                    dp[2] = static_cast<uint16_t>((sp[2] * u + dp[2] * v) / al); // Blue
                    dp[3] = static_cast<uint16_t>(al / 65535);                   // Alpha
                }
            }
        }
            });
    else
        cv::parallel_for_(cv::Range(0, h), [&](const cv::Range& range) {
        for (int j = range.start; j < range.end; j++) {
            unsigned char* sp = rows_src[j];
            unsigned char* dp = rows_dst[j + y] + x * channels;

            // Blending mode
            for (unsigned int i = 0; i < w; i++, sp += channels, dp += channels) {
                uint8_t alpha = sp[3];

                if (channels < 4 || alpha == 255 || dp[3] == 0) {
                    // Fully opaque OR destination fully transparent: direct copy
                    memcpy(dp, sp, elem_size);
                    continue;
                }

                if (alpha != 0) {
                    // Alpha blending
                    uint32_t u = alpha * 255;
                    uint32_t v = (255 - alpha) * dp[3];
                    uint32_t al = u + v;

                    dp[0] = static_cast<uint8_t>((sp[0] * u + dp[0] * v) / al); // Red
                    dp[1] = static_cast<uint8_t>((sp[1] * u + dp[1] * v) / al); // Green
                    dp[2] = static_cast<uint8_t>((sp[2] * u + dp[2] * v) / al); // Blue
                    dp[3] = static_cast<uint8_t>(al / 255);                    // Alpha
                }
            }
        }
            });
}

bool PngDecoder::readFromStreamOrBuffer(void* buffer, size_t num_bytes)
{
    if (m_f)
        return fread(buffer, 1, num_bytes, m_f) == num_bytes;

    if (m_buf_pos + num_bytes > m_buf.cols * m_buf.rows * m_buf.elemSize()) {
        CV_LOG_WARNING(NULL, "PNG input buffer is incomplete");
        return false;
    }

    memcpy( buffer, m_buf.ptr() + m_buf_pos, num_bytes );
    m_buf_pos += num_bytes;
    return true;
}

uint32_t PngDecoder::read_chunk(Chunk& chunk)
{
    unsigned char size_id[8];
    if (!readFromStreamOrBuffer(&size_id, 8))
        return 0;
    const size_t size = static_cast<size_t>(png_get_uint_32(size_id)) + 12;

    const uint32_t id = png_get_uint_32(size_id + 4);
    if (id == id_IHDR) {
        // 8=HDR+size, 13=size of IHDR chunk, 4=CRC
        // http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/spec/1.2/PNG-Chunks.html#C.IHDR
        if (size != 8 + 13 + 4)
            return 0;
    } else if (id == id_acTL) {
        // 8=HDR+size, 8=size of acTL chunk, 4=CRC
        // https://wiki.mozilla.org/APNG_Specification#%60acTL%60:_The_Animation_Control_Chunk
        if (size != 8 + 8 + 4)
            return 0;
    } else if (id == id_fcTL) {
        // 8=HDR+size, 26=size of fcTL chunk, 4=CRC
        // https://wiki.mozilla.org/APNG_Specification#%60fcTL%60:_The_Frame_Control_Chunk
        if (size != 8 + 26 + 4)
            return 0;
    } else if (id == id_bKGD) {
        // 8=HDR+size, (1, 2 or 6)=size of bKGD chunk, 4=CRC
        // The spec is actually more complex:
        // http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/spec/1.2/PNG-Chunks.html#C.bKGD
        if (size != 8 + 1 + 4 && size != 8 + 2 + 4 && size != 8 + 6 + 4)
            return 0;
    } else if (id != id_fdAT && id != id_IDAT && id != id_IEND && id != id_PLTE && id != id_tEXt && id != id_tRNS) {
        if (size > PNG_USER_CHUNK_MALLOC_MAX)
        {
            CV_LOG_WARNING(NULL, "user chunk data is too large");
            return 0;
        }
    }

    chunk.p.resize(size);
    memcpy(chunk.p.data(), size_id, 8);
    if (readFromStreamOrBuffer(&chunk.p[8], chunk.p.size() - 8))
        return id;
    return 0;
}

bool PngDecoder::processing_start(void* frame_ptr, const Mat& img)
{
    if (!InitPngPtr())
        return false;

    if (setjmp(png_jmpbuf(m_png_ptr)))
        return false;

    static uint8_t header[8] = { 137, 80, 78, 71, 13, 10, 26, 10 };

    png_set_crc_action(m_png_ptr, PNG_CRC_QUIET_USE, PNG_CRC_QUIET_USE);
    png_set_progressive_read_fn(m_png_ptr, frame_ptr, (png_progressive_info_ptr)info_fn, row_fn, NULL);

    if (img.channels() < 4)
        png_set_strip_alpha(m_png_ptr);
    else
        png_set_tRNS_to_alpha(m_png_ptr);

    png_process_data(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, header, 8);
    png_process_data(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, m_chunkIHDR.p.data(), m_chunkIHDR.p.size());

    if ((m_color_type & PNG_COLOR_MASK_COLOR) && img.channels() > 1 && !m_use_rgb)
        png_set_bgr(m_png_ptr); // convert RGB to BGR
    else if (img.channels() > 1)
        png_set_gray_to_rgb(m_png_ptr); // Gray->RGB
    else
        png_set_rgb_to_gray(m_png_ptr, 1, 0.299, 0.587); // RGB->Gray

    if (!isBigEndian() && m_bit_depth == 16)
        png_set_swap(m_png_ptr);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_chunksInfo.size(); i++)
        png_process_data(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, m_chunksInfo[i].p.data(), m_chunksInfo[i].p.size());

    return true;
}

bool PngDecoder::processing_finish()
{
    static uint8_t footer[12] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 73, 69, 78, 68, 174, 66, 96, 130 };

    if (!m_png_ptr) {
        return false;
    }

    if (setjmp(png_jmpbuf(m_png_ptr)))
    {
        return false;
    }

    png_process_data(m_png_ptr, m_info_ptr, footer, 12);
    ClearPngPtr();

    return true;
}

void PngDecoder::info_fn(png_structp png_ptr, png_infop info_ptr)
{
    png_set_expand(png_ptr);
    (void)png_set_interlace_handling(png_ptr);
    png_read_update_info(png_ptr, info_ptr);
}

void PngDecoder::row_fn(png_structp png_ptr, png_bytep new_row, png_uint_32 row_num, int pass)
{
    CV_UNUSED(pass);
    APNGFrame* frame = (APNGFrame*)png_get_progressive_ptr(png_ptr);
    if(row_num >= frame->getHeight())
        return;
    png_progressive_combine_row(png_ptr, frame->getRows()[row_num], new_row);
}

/////////////////////// PngEncoder ///////////////////

PngEncoder::PngEncoder()
{
    m_description = "Portable Network Graphics files (*.png;*.apng)";
    m_buf_supported = true;
    m_support_metadata.assign((size_t)IMAGE_METADATA_MAX+1, false);
    m_support_metadata[IMAGE_METADATA_EXIF] = true;
    m_support_metadata[IMAGE_METADATA_XMP] = true;
    m_support_metadata[IMAGE_METADATA_ICCP] = true;
    m_support_metadata[IMAGE_METADATA_CICP] = true;
    op_zstream1.zalloc = NULL;
    op_zstream2.zalloc = NULL;
    next_seq_num = 0;
    trnssize = 0;
    palsize = 0;
    m_compression_level = Z_BEST_SPEED;
    m_compression_strategy = IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_RLE; // Default strategy
    m_filter = IMWRITE_PNG_FILTER_SUB; // Default filter
    m_isBilevel = false;
    memset(palette, 0, sizeof(palette));
    memset(trns, 0, sizeof(trns));
    memset(op, 0, sizeof(op));
    m_supported_encode_key = {IMWRITE_PNG_COMPRESSION, IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY, IMWRITE_PNG_BILEVEL, IMWRITE_PNG_FILTER, IMWRITE_PNG_ZLIBBUFFER_SIZE};
}

PngEncoder::~PngEncoder()
{
}

bool  PngEncoder::isFormatSupported( int depth ) const
{
    return depth == CV_8U || depth == CV_16U;
}

ImageEncoder PngEncoder::newEncoder() const
{
    return makePtr<PngEncoder>();
}

void PngEncoder::writeDataToBuf(void* _png_ptr, unsigned char* src, size_t size)
{
    if( size == 0 )
        return;
    png_structp png_ptr = (png_structp)_png_ptr;
    PngEncoder* encoder = (PngEncoder*)(png_get_io_ptr(png_ptr));
    CV_Assert( encoder && encoder->m_buf );
    size_t cursz = encoder->m_buf->size();
    encoder->m_buf->resize(cursz + size);
    memcpy( &(*encoder->m_buf)[cursz], src, size );
}

void PngEncoder::flushBuf(void*)
{
}

bool  PngEncoder::write( const Mat& img, const std::vector<int>& params )
{
    png_structp png_ptr = png_create_write_struct( PNG_LIBPNG_VER_STRING, 0, 0, 0 );
    png_infop info_ptr = 0;
    FILE * volatile f = 0;
    int y, width = img.cols, height = img.rows;
    int depth = img.depth(), channels = img.channels();
    volatile bool result = false;
    AutoBuffer<uchar*> buffer;

    if( depth != CV_8U && depth != CV_16U )
        return false;

    if( png_ptr )
    {
        info_ptr = png_create_info_struct( png_ptr );

        if( info_ptr )
        {
            if( setjmp( png_jmpbuf ( png_ptr ) ) == 0 )
            {
                bool set_compression_level = false;
                bool set_filter = false;

                if( m_buf )
                {
                    png_set_write_fn(png_ptr, this,
                        (png_rw_ptr)writeDataToBuf, (png_flush_ptr)flushBuf);
                }
                else
                {
                    f = fopen( m_filename.c_str(), "wb" );
                    if( f )
                        png_init_io( png_ptr, (png_FILE_p)f );
                }

                for( size_t i = 0; i < params.size(); i += 2 )
                {
                    const int value = params[i+1];
                    switch (params[i])
                    {
                    case IMWRITE_PNG_COMPRESSION:
                        m_compression_strategy = IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_DEFAULT; // Default strategy
                        m_compression_level = MIN(MAX(value, 0), Z_BEST_COMPRESSION);
                        if(value != m_compression_level) {
                            CV_LOG_WARNING(nullptr, cv::format("The value(%d) for IMWRITE_PNG_COMPRESSION must be between 0 to 9. It is fallbacked to %d", value, m_compression_level));
                        }
                        set_compression_level = true;
                        break;

                    case IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY:
                        {
                            switch(value) {
                                case IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_DEFAULT:
                                case IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_FILTERED:
                                case IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_HUFFMAN_ONLY:
                                case IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_RLE:
                                case IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_FIXED:
                                    m_compression_strategy = value;
                                    break;
                                default:
                                    m_compression_strategy = IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_RLE;
                                    CV_LOG_WARNING(nullptr, cv::format("The value(%d) for IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY must be one of ImwritePNGFlags. It is fallbacked to IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_RLE", value));
                                    break;
                            }
                        }
                        break;

                    case IMWRITE_PNG_BILEVEL:
                        m_isBilevel = value != 0;
                        if((value != 0) && (value != 1)) {
                            CV_LOG_WARNING(nullptr, cv::format("The value(%d) for IMWRITE_PNG_BILEVEL must be 0 or 1. It is fallbacked to 1", value ));
                        }
                        break;

                    case IMWRITE_PNG_FILTER:
                        {
                            switch(value) {
                                case IMWRITE_PNG_FILTER_NONE:
                                case IMWRITE_PNG_FILTER_SUB:
                                case IMWRITE_PNG_FILTER_UP:
                                case IMWRITE_PNG_FILTER_AVG:
                                case IMWRITE_PNG_FILTER_PAETH:
                                case IMWRITE_PNG_FAST_FILTERS:
                                case IMWRITE_PNG_ALL_FILTERS:
                                    m_filter = value;
                                    break;
                                default:
                                    m_filter = IMWRITE_PNG_FILTER_SUB;
                                    CV_LOG_WARNING(nullptr, cv::format("The value(%d) for IMWRITE_PNG_FILTER must be one of ImwritePNGFilterFlags. It is fallbacked to IMWRITE_PNG_FILTER_SUB", value ));
                                    break;
                            }
                        }
                        set_filter = true;
                        break;

                    case IMWRITE_PNG_ZLIBBUFFER_SIZE:
                        // The default value is 8 KiB.
                        // The minimum limit is 6, which is from from https://github.com/opencv/opencv/blob/4.12.0/3rdparty/libpng/pngset.c#L1600 .
                        // The maximum limit is 1 MiB, which has been provisionally set. libpng limitation is 2 GiB(INT32_MAX), but it is too large.
                        // For normal use, 128 or 256 KiB may be sufficient. See https://zlib.net/zlib_how.html .
                        {
                            const int zlen = MIN(MAX(value, 6), 1024*1024);
                            if(value != zlen) {
                                CV_LOG_WARNING(nullptr, cv::format("The value(%d) for IMWRITE_PNG_ZLIBBUFFER_SIZE must be between 6 to 1024*1024. It is fallbacked to %d", value , zlen));
                            }
                            png_set_compression_buffer_size(png_ptr, zlen);
                        }
                        break;

                    default:
                        break;
                    }
                }

                if( m_buf || f )
                {
                    if (!set_compression_level || set_filter)
                        png_set_filter(png_ptr, PNG_FILTER_TYPE_BASE, m_filter);
                    png_set_compression_level(png_ptr, m_compression_level);
                    png_set_compression_strategy(png_ptr, m_compression_strategy);

                    png_set_IHDR( png_ptr, info_ptr, width, height, depth == CV_8U ? m_isBilevel ? 1 : 8 : 16,
                        channels == 1 ? PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY :
                        channels == 3 ? PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGB : PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGBA,
                        PNG_INTERLACE_NONE, PNG_COMPRESSION_TYPE_DEFAULT,
                        PNG_FILTER_TYPE_DEFAULT );

                    if (!m_metadata.empty()) {
                        std::vector<uchar>& exif = m_metadata[IMAGE_METADATA_EXIF];
                        if (!exif.empty()) {
#ifdef PNG_eXIf_SUPPORTED
                            png_set_eXIf_1(png_ptr, info_ptr, static_cast<png_uint_32>(exif.size()), exif.data());
#else
                            CV_LOG_WARNING(NULL, "Libpng is too old and does not support EXIF.");
#endif
                        }

                        std::vector<uchar>& xmp = m_metadata[IMAGE_METADATA_XMP];
                        if (!xmp.empty()) {
                            png_text text_chunk;
                            text_chunk.compression = PNG_TEXT_COMPRESSION_NONE;
                            text_chunk.key = const_cast<char*>("XML:com.adobe.xmp");
                            text_chunk.text = reinterpret_cast<char*>(xmp.data());
                            text_chunk.text_length = static_cast<png_size_t>(xmp.size());

                            png_set_text(png_ptr, info_ptr, &text_chunk, 1);
                        }

                        std::vector<uchar> iccp = m_metadata[IMAGE_METADATA_ICCP];
                        if (!iccp.empty()) {
                            // PNG standard requires a profile name (null-terminated, max 79 characters, printable Latin-1)
                            char iccp_profile_name[] = "ICC Profile";

                            // Compression type must be 0 (deflate) as per libpng docs
                            int compression_type = PNG_COMPRESSION_TYPE_BASE;

                            // Some ICC profiles are already compressed (e.g., if saved from Photoshop),
                            // but png_set_iCCP still expects uncompressed input, and it compresses it internally.

                            png_set_iCCP(png_ptr, info_ptr,
                                iccp_profile_name,
                                compression_type,
#if (PNG_LIBPNG_VER_MAJOR*10000 + PNG_LIBPNG_VER_MINOR*100 + PNG_LIBPNG_VER_RELEASE >= 10500)
                                reinterpret_cast<png_const_bytep>(iccp.data()),
#else
                                reinterpret_cast<png_charp>(iccp.data()),
#endif
                                static_cast<png_uint_32>(iccp.size()));
                        }

                        std::vector<uchar>& cicp = m_metadata[IMAGE_METADATA_CICP];
                        if (!cicp.empty()) {
#ifdef PNG_cICP_SUPPORTED
                            CV_CheckEQ((size_t)4, cicp.size(), "The cICP chunk consists of four 1-byte unsigned integers");
                            png_set_cICP(png_ptr, info_ptr, cicp[0], cicp[1], cicp[2], cicp[3]);
#else
                            CV_LOG_WARNING(NULL, "Libpng is too old and does not support cICP.");
#endif
                        }
                    }

                    png_write_info( png_ptr, info_ptr );

                    if (m_isBilevel)
                        png_set_packing(png_ptr);

                    png_set_bgr( png_ptr );
                    if( !isBigEndian() )
                        png_set_swap( png_ptr );

                    buffer.allocate(height);
                    for( y = 0; y < height; y++ )
                        buffer[y] = img.data + y*img.step;

                    png_write_image( png_ptr, buffer.data() );
                    png_write_end( png_ptr, info_ptr );

                    result = true;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    png_destroy_write_struct( &png_ptr, &info_ptr );
    if(f) fclose( (FILE*)f );

    return result;
}

size_t PngEncoder::writeToStreamOrBuffer(void const* buffer, size_t num_bytes, FILE* stream)
{
    if (!buffer || !num_bytes)
        return 0; // Handle null buffer or empty writes

    if (stream)
    {
        size_t written = fwrite(buffer, 1, num_bytes, stream);
        return written; // fwrite handles the write count
    }

    size_t cursz = m_buf->size();
    if (cursz + num_bytes > m_buf->max_size())
        throw std::runtime_error("Buffer size exceeds maximum capacity");

    m_buf->resize(cursz + num_bytes);
    memcpy(&(*m_buf)[cursz], buffer, num_bytes);
    return num_bytes;
}

void PngEncoder::writeChunk(FILE* f, const char* name, unsigned char* data, uint32_t length)
{
    unsigned char buf[4];
    uint32_t crc = crc32(0, Z_NULL, 0);

    png_save_uint_32(buf, length);
    writeToStreamOrBuffer(buf, 4, f);
    writeToStreamOrBuffer(name, 4, f);
    crc = crc32(crc, (const Bytef*)name, 4);

    if (memcmp(name, "fdAT", 4) == 0)
    {
        png_save_uint_32(buf, next_seq_num++);
        writeToStreamOrBuffer(buf, 4, f);
        crc = crc32(crc, buf, 4);
        length -= 4;
    }

    if (data != NULL && length > 0)
    {
        writeToStreamOrBuffer(data, length, f);
        crc = crc32(crc, data, length);
    }

    png_save_uint_32(buf, crc);
    writeToStreamOrBuffer(buf, 4, f);
}

void PngEncoder::writeIDATs(FILE* f, int frame, unsigned char* data, uint32_t length, uint32_t idat_size)
{
    uint32_t z_cmf = data[0];
    if ((z_cmf & 0x0f) == 8 && (z_cmf & 0xf0) <= 0x70)
    {
        if (length >= 2)
        {
            uint32_t z_cinfo = z_cmf >> 4;
            uint32_t half_z_window_size = 1 << (z_cinfo + 7);
            while (idat_size <= half_z_window_size && half_z_window_size >= 256)
            {
                z_cinfo--;
                half_z_window_size >>= 1;
            }
            z_cmf = (z_cmf & 0x0f) | (z_cinfo << 4);
            if (data[0] != (unsigned char)z_cmf)
            {
                data[0] = (unsigned char)z_cmf;
                data[1] &= 0xe0;
                data[1] += (unsigned char)(0x1f - ((z_cmf << 8) + data[1]) % 0x1f);
            }
        }
    }

    while (length > 0)
    {
        uint32_t ds = length;
        if (ds > 32768)
            ds = 32768;

        if (frame == 0)
            writeChunk(f, "IDAT", data, ds);
        else
            writeChunk(f, "fdAT", data, ds + 4);

        data += ds;
        length -= ds;
    }
}

void PngEncoder::processRect(unsigned char* row, int rowbytes, int bpp, int stride, int h, unsigned char* rows)
{
    int i, j, v;
    int a, b, c, pa, pb, pc, p;
    unsigned char* prev = NULL;
    unsigned char* dp = rows;
    unsigned char* out;

    for (j = 0; j < h; j++)
    {
        uint32_t sum = 0;
        unsigned char* best_row = row_buf.data();
        uint32_t mins = ((uint32_t)(-1)) >> 1;

        out = row_buf.data() + 1;
        for (i = 0; i < rowbytes; i++)
        {
            v = out[i] = row[i];
            sum += (v < 128) ? v : 256 - v;
        }
        mins = sum;

        sum = 0;
        out = sub_row.data() + 1;
        for (i = 0; i < bpp; i++)
        {
            v = out[i] = row[i];
            sum += (v < 128) ? v : 256 - v;
        }
        for (i = bpp; i < rowbytes; i++)
        {
            v = out[i] = row[i] - row[i - bpp];
            sum += (v < 128) ? v : 256 - v;
            if (sum > mins)
                break;
        }
        if (sum < mins)
        {
            mins = sum;
            best_row = sub_row.data();
        }

        if (prev)
        {
            sum = 0;
            out = up_row.data() + 1;
            for (i = 0; i < rowbytes; i++)
            {
                v = out[i] = row[i] - prev[i];
                sum += (v < 128) ? v : 256 - v;
                if (sum > mins)
                    break;
            }
            if (sum < mins)
            {
                mins = sum;
                best_row = up_row.data();
            }

            sum = 0;
            out = avg_row.data() + 1;
            for (i = 0; i < bpp; i++)
            {
                v = out[i] = row[i] - prev[i] / 2;
                sum += (v < 128) ? v : 256 - v;
            }
            for (i = bpp; i < rowbytes; i++)
            {
                v = out[i] = row[i] - (prev[i] + row[i - bpp]) / 2;
                sum += (v < 128) ? v : 256 - v;
                if (sum > mins)
                    break;
            }
            if (sum < mins)
            {
                mins = sum;
                best_row = avg_row.data();
            }

            sum = 0;
            out = paeth_row.data() + 1;
            for (i = 0; i < bpp; i++)
            {
                v = out[i] = row[i] - prev[i];
                sum += (v < 128) ? v : 256 - v;
            }
            for (i = bpp; i < rowbytes; i++)
            {
                a = row[i - bpp];
                b = prev[i];
                c = prev[i - bpp];
                p = b - c;
                pc = a - c;
                pa = abs(p);
                pb = abs(pc);
                pc = abs(p + pc);
                p = (pa <= pb && pa <= pc) ? a : (pb <= pc) ? b
                    : c;
                v = out[i] = row[i] - p;
                sum += (v < 128) ? v : 256 - v;
                if (sum > mins)
                    break;
            }
            if (sum < mins)
            {
                best_row = paeth_row.data();
            }
        }

        if (rows == NULL)
        {
            // deflate_rect_op()
            op_zstream1.next_in = row_buf.data();
            op_zstream1.avail_in = rowbytes + 1;
            deflate(&op_zstream1, Z_NO_FLUSH);

            op_zstream2.next_in = best_row;
            op_zstream2.avail_in = rowbytes + 1;
            deflate(&op_zstream2, Z_NO_FLUSH);
        }
        else
        {
            // deflate_rect_fin()
            memcpy(dp, best_row, rowbytes + 1);
            dp += rowbytes + 1;
        }

        prev = row;
        row += stride;
    }
}

void PngEncoder::deflateRectOp(unsigned char* pdata, int x, int y, int w, int h, int bpp, int stride, int zbuf_size, int n)
{
    unsigned char* row = pdata + y * stride + x * bpp;
    int rowbytes = w * bpp;

    op_zstream1.data_type = Z_BINARY;
    op_zstream1.next_out = op_zbuf1.data();
    op_zstream1.avail_out = zbuf_size;

    op_zstream2.data_type = Z_BINARY;
    op_zstream2.next_out = op_zbuf2.data();
    op_zstream2.avail_out = zbuf_size;

    processRect(row, rowbytes, bpp, stride, h, NULL);

    deflate(&op_zstream1, Z_FINISH);
    deflate(&op_zstream2, Z_FINISH);
    op[n].p = pdata;

    if (op_zstream1.total_out < op_zstream2.total_out)
    {
        op[n].size = op_zstream1.total_out;
        op[n].filters = 0;
    }
    else
    {
        op[n].size = op_zstream2.total_out;
        op[n].filters = 1;
    }
    op[n].x = x;
    op[n].y = y;
    op[n].w = w;
    op[n].h = h;
    op[n].valid = 1;
    deflateReset(&op_zstream1);
    deflateReset(&op_zstream2);
}

bool PngEncoder::getRect(uint32_t w, uint32_t h, unsigned char* pimage1, unsigned char* pimage2, unsigned char* ptemp, uint32_t bpp, uint32_t stride, int zbuf_size, uint32_t has_tcolor, uint32_t tcolor, int n)
{
    uint32_t i, j, x0, y0, w0, h0;
    uint32_t x_min = w - 1;
    uint32_t y_min = h - 1;
    uint32_t x_max = 0;
    uint32_t y_max = 0;
    uint32_t diffnum = 0;
    uint32_t over_is_possible = 1;

    if (!has_tcolor)
        over_is_possible = 0;

    if (bpp == 1)
    {
        unsigned char* pa = pimage1;
        unsigned char* pb = pimage2;
        unsigned char* pc = ptemp;

        for (j = 0; j < h; j++)
            for (i = 0; i < w; i++)
            {
                unsigned char c = *pb++;
                if (*pa++ != c)
                {
                    diffnum++;
                    if (has_tcolor && c == tcolor)
                        over_is_possible = 0;
                    if (i < x_min)
                        x_min = i;
                    if (i > x_max)
                        x_max = i;
                    if (j < y_min)
                        y_min = j;
                    if (j > y_max)
                        y_max = j;
                }
                else
                    c = tcolor;

                *pc++ = c;
            }
    }
    else if (bpp == 2)
    {
        unsigned short* pa = (unsigned short*)pimage1;
        unsigned short* pb = (unsigned short*)pimage2;
        unsigned short* pc = (unsigned short*)ptemp;

        for (j = 0; j < h; j++)
            for (i = 0; i < w; i++)
            {
                uint32_t c1 = *pa++;
                uint32_t c2 = *pb++;
                if ((c1 != c2) && ((c1 >> 8) || (c2 >> 8)))
                {
                    diffnum++;
                    if ((c2 >> 8) != 0xFF)
                        over_is_possible = 0;
                    if (i < x_min)
                        x_min = i;
                    if (i > x_max)
                        x_max = i;
                    if (j < y_min)
                        y_min = j;
                    if (j > y_max)
                        y_max = j;
                }
                else
                    c2 = 0;

                *pc++ = c2;
            }
    }
    else if (bpp == 3)
    {
        unsigned char* pa = pimage1;
        unsigned char* pb = pimage2;
        unsigned char* pc = ptemp;

        for (j = 0; j < h; j++)
            for (i = 0; i < w; i++)
            {
                uint32_t c1 = (pa[2] << 16) + (pa[1] << 8) + pa[0];
                uint32_t c2 = (pb[2] << 16) + (pb[1] << 8) + pb[0];
                if (c1 != c2)
                {
                    diffnum++;
                    if (has_tcolor && c2 == tcolor)
                        over_is_possible = 0;
                    if (i < x_min)
                        x_min = i;
                    if (i > x_max)
                        x_max = i;
                    if (j < y_min)
                        y_min = j;
                    if (j > y_max)
                        y_max = j;
                }
                else
                    c2 = tcolor;

                memcpy(pc, &c2, 3);
                pa += 3;
                pb += 3;
                pc += 3;
            }
    }
    else if (bpp == 4)
    {
        uint32_t* pa = (uint32_t*)pimage1;
        uint32_t* pb = (uint32_t*)pimage2;
        uint32_t* pc = (uint32_t*)ptemp;

        for (j = 0; j < h; j++)
            for (i = 0; i < w; i++)
            {
                uint32_t c1 = *pa++;
                uint32_t c2 = *pb++;
                if ((c1 != c2) && ((c1 >> 24) || (c2 >> 24)))
                {
                    diffnum++;
                    if ((c2 >> 24) != 0xFF)
                        over_is_possible = 0;
                    if (i < x_min)
                        x_min = i;
                    if (i > x_max)
                        x_max = i;
                    if (j < y_min)
                        y_min = j;
                    if (j > y_max)
                        y_max = j;
                }
                else
                    c2 = 0;

                *pc++ = c2;
            }
    }

    if (diffnum == 0)
    {
        return false;
    }
    else
    {
        x0 = x_min;
        y0 = y_min;
        w0 = x_max - x_min + 1;
        h0 = y_max - y_min + 1;
    }

    if (n < 3)
    {
        deflateRectOp(pimage2, x0, y0, w0, h0, bpp, stride, zbuf_size, n * 2);

        if (over_is_possible)
            deflateRectOp(ptemp, x0, y0, w0, h0, bpp, stride, zbuf_size, n * 2 + 1);
    }

    return true;
}

void PngEncoder::deflateRectFin(unsigned char* zbuf, uint32_t* zsize, int bpp, int stride, unsigned char* rows, int zbuf_size, int n)
{
    unsigned char* row = op[n].p + op[n].y * stride + op[n].x * bpp;
    int rowbytes = op[n].w * bpp;

    if (op[n].filters == 0)
    {
        unsigned char* dp = rows;
        for (int j = 0; j < op[n].h; j++)
        {
            *dp++ = 0;
            memcpy(dp, row, rowbytes);
            dp += rowbytes;
            row += stride;
        }
    }
    else
        processRect(row, rowbytes, bpp, stride, op[n].h, rows);

    z_stream fin_zstream;
    fin_zstream.data_type = Z_BINARY;
    fin_zstream.zalloc = Z_NULL;
    fin_zstream.zfree = Z_NULL;
    fin_zstream.opaque = Z_NULL;
    deflateInit2(&fin_zstream, m_compression_level, 8, 15, 8, op[n].filters ? Z_FILTERED : m_compression_strategy);

    fin_zstream.next_out = zbuf;
    fin_zstream.avail_out = zbuf_size;
    fin_zstream.next_in = rows;
    fin_zstream.avail_in = op[n].h * (rowbytes + 1);
    deflate(&fin_zstream, Z_FINISH);
    *zsize = fin_zstream.total_out;
    deflateEnd(&fin_zstream);
}

bool PngEncoder::writeanimation(const Animation& animation, const std::vector<int>& params)
{
    int frame_type = animation.frames[0].type();
    int frame_depth = animation.frames[0].depth();
    CV_CheckType(frame_type, frame_depth == CV_8U || frame_depth == CV_16U, "APNG decoder supports only 8 or 16 bit unsigned images");

    for (size_t i = 0; i < params.size(); i += 2)
    {
        const int value = params[i+1];
        switch (params[i])
        {
        case IMWRITE_PNG_COMPRESSION:
            m_compression_strategy = IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_DEFAULT; // Default strategy
            m_compression_level = MIN(MAX(value, 0), Z_BEST_COMPRESSION);
            if(value != m_compression_level) {
                CV_LOG_WARNING(nullptr, cv::format("The value(%d) for IMWRITE_PNG_COMPRESSION must be between 0 to 9. It is fallbacked to %d", value, m_compression_level));
            }
            break;

        case IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY:
            {
                switch(value) {
                    case IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_DEFAULT:
                    case IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_FILTERED:
                    case IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_HUFFMAN_ONLY:
                    case IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_RLE:
                    case IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_FIXED:
                        m_compression_strategy = value;
                        break;
                    default:
                        m_compression_strategy = IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_RLE;
                        CV_LOG_WARNING(nullptr, cv::format("The value(%d) for IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY must be one of ImwritePNGFlags. It is fallbacked to IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_RLE", value));
                        break;
                }
            }
            break;

        case IMWRITE_PNG_BILEVEL:
            m_isBilevel = value != 0;
            if((value != 0) && (value != 1)) {
                CV_LOG_WARNING(nullptr, cv::format("The value(%d) for IMWRITE_PNG_BILEVEL must be 0 or 1. It is fallbacked to 1", value ));
            }
            break;

        case IMWRITE_PNG_FILTER:
            CV_LOG_WARNING(nullptr, "IMWRITE_PNG_BILEVEL parameter is not supported for APNG");
            break;

        case IMWRITE_PNG_ZLIBBUFFER_SIZE:
            CV_LOG_WARNING(nullptr, "IMWRITE_PNG_ZLIBBUFFER_SIZE parameter is not supported for APNG");
            break;

        default:
            break;
        }
    }

    if (m_isBilevel)
        CV_LOG_WARNING(NULL, "IMWRITE_PNG_BILEVEL parameter is not supported yet.");

    uint32_t loops= animation.loop_count;
    uint32_t coltype= animation.frames[0].channels() == 1 ? PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY : animation.frames[0].channels() == 3 ? PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGB : PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGB_ALPHA;

    FILE* m_f = NULL;
    uint32_t i, j, k;
    uint32_t x0, y0, w0, h0, dop, bop;
    uint32_t idat_size, zbuf_size, zsize;
    unsigned char header[8] = { 137, 80, 78, 71, 13, 10, 26, 10 };
    uint32_t num_frames = (int)animation.frames.size();
    uint32_t width = animation.frames[0].cols;
    uint32_t height = animation.frames[0].rows;
    uint32_t bpp = (coltype == 6) ? 4 : (coltype == 2) ? 3
        : (coltype == 4) ? 2
        : 1;
    uint32_t has_tcolor = (coltype >= 4 || (coltype <= 2 && trnssize)) ? 1 : 0;
    uint32_t tcolor = 0;
    uint32_t rowbytes = width * bpp;
    uint32_t imagesize = rowbytes * height;

    AutoBuffer<unsigned char> temp(imagesize);
    AutoBuffer<unsigned char> over1(imagesize);
    AutoBuffer<unsigned char> over2(imagesize);
    AutoBuffer<unsigned char> over3(imagesize);
    AutoBuffer<unsigned char> rest(imagesize);
    AutoBuffer<unsigned char> rows((rowbytes + 1) * height);

    std::vector<APNGFrame> frames;
    std::vector<Mat> tmpframes;

    for (i = 0; i < (uint32_t)animation.frames.size(); i++)
    {
        APNGFrame apngFrame;
        tmpframes.push_back(animation.frames[i].clone());
        // TO DO optimize BGR RGB conversations
        if (animation.frames[i].channels() == 4)
            cvtColor(animation.frames[i], tmpframes[i], COLOR_BGRA2RGBA);
        if (animation.frames[i].channels() == 3)
            cvtColor(animation.frames[i], tmpframes[i], COLOR_BGR2RGB);

        if (tmpframes[i].depth() != CV_8U)
            tmpframes[i].convertTo(tmpframes[i], CV_8U, 1.0 / 255);
        apngFrame.setMat(tmpframes[i], animation.durations[i]);

        if (i > 0 && !getRect(width, height, frames.back().getPixels(), apngFrame.getPixels(), over1.data(), bpp, rowbytes, 0, 0, 0, 3))
        {
            frames.back().setDelayNum(frames.back().getDelayNum() + apngFrame.getDelayNum());
            num_frames--;
        }
        else
            frames.push_back(apngFrame);
    }

    if (trnssize)
    {
        if (coltype == 0)
            tcolor = trns[1];
        else if (coltype == 2)
            tcolor = (((trns[5] << 8) + trns[3]) << 8) + trns[1];
        else if (coltype == 3)
        {
            for (i = 0; i < trnssize; i++)
                if (trns[i] == 0)
                {
                    has_tcolor = 1;
                    tcolor = i;
                    break;
                }
        }
    }

    if (m_buf || (m_f = fopen(m_filename.c_str(), "wb")) != 0)
    {
        unsigned char buf_IHDR[13];
        unsigned char buf_acTL[8];
        unsigned char buf_fcTL[26];

        png_save_uint_32(buf_IHDR, width);
        png_save_uint_32(buf_IHDR + 4, height);
        buf_IHDR[8] = 8;
        buf_IHDR[9] = coltype;
        buf_IHDR[10] = 0;
        buf_IHDR[11] = 0;
        buf_IHDR[12] = 0;

        png_save_uint_32(buf_acTL, num_frames);
        png_save_uint_32(buf_acTL + 4, loops);

        writeToStreamOrBuffer(header, 8, m_f);

        writeChunk(m_f, "IHDR", buf_IHDR, 13);

        if (num_frames > 1)
            writeChunk(m_f, "acTL", buf_acTL, 8);

        if (palsize > 0)
            writeChunk(m_f, "PLTE", (unsigned char*)(&palette), palsize * 3);

        if ((animation.bgcolor != Scalar()) && coltype)
        {
            unsigned char bgvalue[6] = {};
            bgvalue[1] = animation.bgcolor[2];
            bgvalue[3] = animation.bgcolor[1];
            bgvalue[5] = animation.bgcolor[0];
            writeChunk(m_f, "bKGD", bgvalue, 6); //the bKGD chunk must precede the first IDAT chunk, and must follow the PLTE chunk.
        }

        if (trnssize > 0)
            writeChunk(m_f, "tRNS", trns, trnssize);

        op_zstream1.data_type = Z_BINARY;
        op_zstream1.zalloc = Z_NULL;
        op_zstream1.zfree = Z_NULL;
        op_zstream1.opaque = Z_NULL;
        deflateInit2(&op_zstream1, m_compression_level, 8, 15, 8, m_compression_strategy);

        op_zstream2.data_type = Z_BINARY;
        op_zstream2.zalloc = Z_NULL;
        op_zstream2.zfree = Z_NULL;
        op_zstream2.opaque = Z_NULL;
        deflateInit2(&op_zstream2, m_compression_level, 8, 15, 8, Z_FILTERED);

        idat_size = (rowbytes + 1) * height;
        zbuf_size = idat_size + ((idat_size + 7) >> 3) + ((idat_size + 63) >> 6) + 11;

        AutoBuffer<unsigned char> zbuf(zbuf_size);
        op_zbuf1.allocate(zbuf_size);
        op_zbuf2.allocate(zbuf_size);
        row_buf.allocate(rowbytes + 1);
        sub_row.allocate(rowbytes + 1);
        up_row.allocate(rowbytes + 1);
        avg_row.allocate(rowbytes + 1);
        paeth_row.allocate(rowbytes + 1);

        row_buf[0] = 0;
        sub_row[0] = 1;
        up_row[0] = 2;
        avg_row[0] = 3;
        paeth_row[0] = 4;

        x0 = 0;
        y0 = 0;
        w0 = width;
        h0 = height;
        bop = 0;
        next_seq_num = 0;

        for (j = 0; j < 6; j++)
            op[j].valid = 0;

        if (!animation.still_image.empty() && num_frames > 1)
        {
            CV_Assert(animation.still_image.type() == animation.frames[0].type() && animation.still_image.size() == animation.frames[0].size());
            APNGFrame apngFrame;
            Mat tmp;
            if (animation.still_image.depth() == CV_16U)
            {
                animation.still_image.convertTo(tmp, CV_8U, 1.0 / 255);
            }
            else
                tmp = animation.still_image;

            if (tmp.channels() > 2)
                cvtColor(tmp, tmp, COLOR_BGRA2RGBA);
            apngFrame.setMat(tmp);

            deflateRectOp(apngFrame.getPixels(), x0, y0, w0, h0, bpp, rowbytes, zbuf_size, 0);
            deflateRectFin(zbuf.data(), &zsize, bpp, rowbytes, rows.data(), zbuf_size, 0);
            writeIDATs(m_f, 0, zbuf.data(), zsize, idat_size);
        }

        deflateRectOp(frames[0].getPixels(), x0, y0, w0, h0, bpp, rowbytes, zbuf_size, 0);
        deflateRectFin(zbuf.data(), &zsize, bpp, rowbytes, rows.data(), zbuf_size, 0);

        for (i = 0; i < num_frames - 1; i++)
        {
            uint32_t op_min;
            int op_best;

            for (j = 0; j < 6; j++)
                op[j].valid = 0;

            /* dispose = none */
            getRect(width, height, frames[i].getPixels(), frames[i + 1].getPixels(), over1.data(), bpp, rowbytes, zbuf_size, has_tcolor, tcolor, 0);

            /* dispose = background */
            if (has_tcolor)
            {
                memcpy(temp.data(), frames[i].getPixels(), imagesize);
                if (coltype == 2)
                    for (j = 0; j < h0; j++)
                        for (k = 0; k < w0; k++)
                            memcpy(temp.data() + ((j + y0) * width + (k + x0)) * 3, &tcolor, 3);
                else
                    for (j = 0; j < h0; j++)
                        memset(temp.data() + ((j + y0) * width + x0) * bpp, tcolor, w0 * bpp);

                getRect(width, height, temp.data(), frames[i + 1].getPixels(), over2.data(), bpp, rowbytes, zbuf_size, has_tcolor, tcolor, 1);
            }

            /* dispose = previous */
            if (i > 0)
                getRect(width, height, rest.data(), frames[i + 1].getPixels(), over3.data(), bpp, rowbytes, zbuf_size, has_tcolor, tcolor, 2);

            op_min = op[0].size;
            op_best = 0;
            for (j = 1; j < 6; j++)
                if (op[j].valid)
                {
                    if (op[j].size < op_min)
                    {
                        op_min = op[j].size;
                        op_best = j;
                    }
                }

            dop = op_best >> 1;

            png_save_uint_32(buf_fcTL, next_seq_num++);
            png_save_uint_32(buf_fcTL + 4, w0);
            png_save_uint_32(buf_fcTL + 8, h0);
            png_save_uint_32(buf_fcTL + 12, x0);
            png_save_uint_32(buf_fcTL + 16, y0);
            png_save_uint_16(buf_fcTL + 20, frames[i].getDelayNum());
            png_save_uint_16(buf_fcTL + 22, frames[i].getDelayDen());
            buf_fcTL[24] = dop;
            buf_fcTL[25] = bop;

            writeChunk(m_f, "fcTL", buf_fcTL, 26);
            writeIDATs(m_f, animation.still_image.empty() ? i : 1, zbuf.data(), zsize, idat_size);

            /* process apng dispose - begin */
            if (dop != 2)
                memcpy(rest.data(), frames[i].getPixels(), imagesize);

            if (dop == 1)
            {
                if (coltype == 2)
                    for (j = 0; j < h0; j++)
                        for (k = 0; k < w0; k++)
                            memcpy(rest.data() + ((j + y0) * width + (k + x0)) * 3, &tcolor, 3);
                else
                    for (j = 0; j < h0; j++)
                        memset(rest.data() + ((j + y0) * width + x0) * bpp, tcolor, w0 * bpp);
            }
            /* process apng dispose - end */

            x0 = op[op_best].x;
            y0 = op[op_best].y;
            w0 = op[op_best].w;
            h0 = op[op_best].h;
            bop = op_best & 1;

            deflateRectFin(zbuf.data(), &zsize, bpp, rowbytes, rows.data(), zbuf_size, op_best);
        }

        if (num_frames > 1 /* don't write fcTL chunk if animation has only one frame */)
        {
            png_save_uint_32(buf_fcTL, next_seq_num++);
            png_save_uint_32(buf_fcTL + 4, w0);
            png_save_uint_32(buf_fcTL + 8, h0);
            png_save_uint_32(buf_fcTL + 12, x0);
            png_save_uint_32(buf_fcTL + 16, y0);
            png_save_uint_16(buf_fcTL + 20, frames[i].getDelayNum());
            png_save_uint_16(buf_fcTL + 22, frames[i].getDelayDen());
            buf_fcTL[24] = 0;
            buf_fcTL[25] = bop;
            writeChunk(m_f, "fcTL", buf_fcTL, 26);
        }

        writeIDATs(m_f, num_frames - 1, zbuf.data(), zsize, idat_size);

        writeChunk(m_f, "IEND", 0, 0);

        if (m_f)
            fclose(m_f);

        deflateEnd(&op_zstream1);
        deflateEnd(&op_zstream2);
    }

    return true;
}

}

#endif

/* End of file. */
